薩利色爾卡 (Saariselkä)

芬蘭北部的薩利色爾卡，位於北極圈內 500 公里 的北拉普蘭。是最少受外間騷擾的處女地，也是地球上最北的旅遊勝地。

它的滑雪渡假中心位於拉普蘭東部一望無際的曠野上。由於獨特的地理優勢，因此成為欣賞北極光的理想之地。距離渡假區不遠的坦卡瓦拉，曾經是拉普蘭的掘金天堂。

在那兒，遊客可參觀黃金博物館，有興趣的還可以到河中一試身手，看看自己可否淘得黃金。

烏爾霍凱科國家公園 (Urho Kekkonen National Park)

芬蘭其中一個最大的自然保護區，風景秀麗，且有不同遠足路線，適合初級或富經驗的戶外活動愛好者。

國家公園的諮詢中心資料詳盡，還具備展覽和多種語言的幻燈片介紹公園環境。

旅遊網頁: www.outdoors.fi/urhokekkonennp

薛達 — 薩米博物館及北拉普蘭自然中心
(SIIDA S a mi Museum and Northern Lapland Nature Centre)

薛達博物館由薩米博物館和北拉普蘭自然中心兩部分組成。

展覽芬蘭北部的自然和文化特點，從冰河時期至今的環境發展和變化；同時亦透過展覽生動地向遊客講述了北極地區土著居民的生活、畜牧馴鹿傳統、以及語言發展的特徵。

旅遊網頁: www.samimuseum.fi

坦卡瓦拉金礦村 (Tankavaara Gold Village)

薩利色爾卡是以前的金礦區，當中的坦卡瓦拉被稱為拉普蘭的黃金之都。

每年夏季，數以千萬的遊客前來享受淘金的樂趣。在冬天，遊客亦能在博物館旁的小池塘一試身手。

自 1974 年開始，每年八月的第一個星期，坦卡瓦拉都會舉行為期一周的世界淘金大賽，並提供各種豐富多彩的文娛節目。

旅遊網頁: www.tankavaara.fi/kultakyla

淘金者博物館
(Gold Prospector Museum & Gold World)

位於坦卡瓦拉金礦村內的淘金者博物館，建於 1973 年，主要闡述芬蘭和 20 個國家的採掘黃金歷史。

館內除了展覽最原始的採金工具、冶金機械、古老照片，亦保留重 42 公斤 的金礦石。

旅遊網頁: www.kultamuseo.fi

觀光 / 娛樂 / 購物好介紹

特色欣賞北極光玻璃小屋

距離伊瓦洛 40 公里 的Kakslauttanen 酒店用強化玻璃建成圓頂小屋，讓客人可安躺在溫暖床上，優哉悠哉靜候極光奇景。

Idoli 芬蘭設計之家 (Design House Idoli)

薩 距離薩利色爾卡市區約 20 分鐘車程的 Idoli 芬蘭設計之家，是頂級芬蘭設計與大自然的結合。

專業團體可在此進行 2-3 小時的參觀。

旅遊網頁: www.idoli.fi

Lapin Ahkut

供應拉普蘭傳統美食，以及頗具特色的野味食品，如馴鹿、松雞、魚類，森林鮮果以及蘑菇等。

旅遊網頁: www.lapinahkut.fi

芬蘭聖誕老人村 (Santa Park)

聖誕傳奇

重疊著北極圈的聖誕老人村，是世界萬千聖誕迷夢想探訪的勝地。

聖誕老人村 (Santa Park)

芬蘭向來被相信是聖誕老人的真正故鄉，傳說他住在北極圈裡的Korvatunturi山區，而從那兒來的正宗聖誕老人，時常都會在聖誕老人村接見各地前來遊客，和他們拍照並解答一切好奇問題。

除此，大家又可投印有聖誕郵戳的賀卡，更可把它投入指定紅色信箱，讓閣下心意能準時在聖誕節前夕到達你親友手上。當然，那兒還有多種聖誕精品供人選購，其中用個人相片做成的特色聖誕郵票，亦非常受遊客歡迎哩！

來到聖誕老人村，不要忘記跨著地上66°33'的北極圈緯度線拍張紀念照。為著證明閣下「創舉」，你又可買份「到達北極圈證書」，它有各國文字(包括中文)版本任君選擇。

網頁: www.santaclauslive.com

聖誕樂園

位於聖誕老人村附近，從山岩挖建而成的主題公園，利用得意機動遊戲帶您暢遊聖誕樂園。乘搭它的魔術列車，入場者可直闖拉普蘭夢幻世界，除了欣賞到那兒四時變化，又能夠深入聖誕老人的秘密工作室，目睹大批小精靈，如何忙碌地替各地兒童準備聖誕禮物。

此外，樂園裡亦有多種機動遊戲；如紅鼻子過山車、聖誕旋轉木馬等給童心未泯的大人和小孩，玩過淋漓痛快。

網頁: www.santapark.fi

聖誕老人村 現已成為羅凡尼米最受歡迎的旅遊名勝。各地人不惜遠道前來，希望與這聖誕傳奇形象交談會面，並合照留念，這包括中國與美國的政要，荷里活與日本的紅星。

很多人也預料不到，聖誕老人雖然長居芬蘭，但他原來知識廣博，世界各地的事物他亦知曉及通聞，又會用國語跟你說「你好」、「多謝」，讓人聽得眉開眼笑。

聖誕老人村是世界著名地標，來到那兒當然想購買獨特的紀念品。於是村內的聖誕老人郵局天天訪客不絕，大家爭著選購紀念郵票、當地特產聖誕咭等。

但最受歡迎的是從該處寄出一張印有聖誕老人村郵戳的賀卡；假如閣下想給摯愛親朋來個驚喜，付上六歐元便可預訂一份聖誕老人親筆賀簡，在聖誕節前寄往你指定目的地。

同樣不可忽視，是 聖誕老人村 亦位於66度33分的北極線之上，踏入它以北範圍，便進入地球之巔的北極疆土，那遙遠地域並不是人人有機會造訪，故此能到此一遊已是難得「壯舉」。

所以遊過聖誕老人村，人們總不忘購買一份極地證明書，紀念自己曾來過這裡。證明書備有多種語文，閣下甚至可選擇中文的款式。

哥本哈根歌劇院

Operaen
建築師：HLT Henning Larsens Tegnestue A/S

歐洲最具現代化的歌劇院在哥本哈根，此乃由丹麥最大企業馬士基公司的家族基金會出資，並在2004年10月完工之後移交給國家；此歌劇院在2005年1月15日首次上演了歌劇和芭蕾舞。
此歌劇院坐落在哥本哈根內港的船塢島，與現任女王瑪格麗特二世的宮殿阿瑪連堡(左圖)隔水相望。

哥本哈根歌劇院由丹麥頂尖建築師之ㄧHenning Larsen設計，裝潢部分由優秀丹麥藝術家設計製作，幕布和歌劇院標誌則由Per Arnoldi設計，門廳四尊巨型青銅雕塑油Per Kirkeby製作，休息廳裡的三盞裝飾燈則為Olafur Rliasson的作品。


歌劇院網站 http://www.operahus.dk/default_uk.htm
建築師事務所網站：http://www.hlt.dk/index2.html

幾乎人人都有自行車的城市-Copenhagen

哥本哈根不只是丹麥的首都，它也是哥本哈根人眼中的世界單車首都。總人口只有120萬人的哥本哈根，卻已有長達330公里的自行車道，且長度還在繼續增加之中。在哥本哈根，每天約有36％的市民騎單車通勤，總里程每天超過120萬公里，交通尖峰時，路上的單車數量比汽車還要多。如此高的單車通勤率，與哥本哈根市擁有一個安全設計的自行車專用道系統、推動Green Wave計畫(尖峰時間在市中心透過對交通號誌的控制，每天讓超過35000個單車騎士以平均時速20.3公里的速度一路綠燈，快速地通勤)，以及相關便利上班族騎單車接駁大眾運輸系統的諸多設施，有絕對直接的關係，哥本哈根市政府更宣布，2015年要達成50%單車通勤率。
這個The Green Wave計畫，主要透過市區交通號誌的控制，讓單車通勤族在尖峰時間享受一路綠燈的便利，以將近20公里的時速，快速地上下班通勤。如圖示，The Green Wave計畫， 在Østerbrogade路段每天約有18,000個單車通勤族使用，而Amagerbrogade路段，每天則服務約17,000個單車通勤族。而更酷的是，去年10月開始，哥本哈根市政府試辦三個月封閉市中心交通最繁忙的街道Nørrebrogade，只能讓單車與行人通行，其他所有車輛都禁止進出。在試辦期滿之後，哥本哈根市長Klaus Bondam在過半數民意支持下，宣布永遠封閉Nørrebrogade，目前每天有超過35,000名單車騎士可以在沒有汽車的威脅下，悠遊在曾是哥本哈根交通最忙碌的Nørrebrogade。這些看似非常"激進"的鼓勵單車通勤政策，讓現任市長Klaus Bondam有超高人氣的支持度。在哥本哈根，開汽車通勤已經淪為少數民族，愈來愈來的市民不斷加入單車通勤的行列。看來哥本哈根在2015年之前，達到超過半數市民騎單車通勤的目標，應該是指日可待的！(Download from ECO御宅綠活情報-在哥本哈根的單車幸福)

** 此次 北歐之旅 確實 見識到北歐人運用 腳踏車當作日常交通工具 環保 運動 情趣 集一身 反觀
台灣 自行專用道 只是 選舉時的口號罷了 機車族人數 每年激增 紅綠燈號誌 超多與不俯實際 真為 “單車製作王國“之恥. ( 下圖 藍色道路 是自行車專用道)
* 騎單車累了 找個公園椅 休憩 再來 一杯Carlsburg啤酒 酷斃了 和準備騎單車美女 美極了!

世界最貴的水-Voss

純淨高貴的挪威水VOSS
挪威著名的artesian water from Norway: VOSS，就在眾水之中有巨星級的身價。
故事來自兩個挪威年輕人對市場的敏感度與創意：他們在現代人常隨身攜帶的瓶裝飲用水中看到商機，發現瓶裝水的選擇很多，卻沒有極品，而挪威的純淨水源，正 是一門可行的好生意！於是他們決定要創造出瓶裝水中的精典，並環遊世界尋找最適合的項級市場，眾星雲集的好萊塢，自然是最好的目標。當巨星如塢瑪舒嫚、瑪 丹娜等，都喝起了VOSS的時候，這個品牌的形象，就根深蒂固於人心，成了名符其實的水中高貴極品。
據說，一公升的VOSS，定價大約十歐元（400塊台幣），比一般的瓶裝水貴了好幾倍，此外，既是鎖定金字塔級的客戶，當然就得運用物以稀為貴的道理，光 是有十歐元還買不到這水，因為這水以零售通路來說，只能在最高級的地方找到：高級飯店、高級旅館、高級俱樂部，光是下褟這些地方的費用，就不知多少了。
高貴的水，賣相的重要性自然不言可喻，他們請凱文克萊的前創意總監設計瓶身，借用香水工業的品牌塑造經驗，結果的確讓人讚嘆，看上去不像是喝的水，倒像是 高級化粧品牌的醒膚水或是香水，美到讓人看了就不捨得喝，邊喝可能就邊對自我的感覺提高一百分，從裡到外都讓感覺純淨又高貴，想多了解其瓶身設計理念的 人，可以前往其網站瞧瞧。(Download from 北歐四季透明筆記）

Name: VOSS
Country of Origin: SOUTHERN NORWAY
TDS: Still 22, Sparkling 500
pH: 6.4
Altitude: N/A
Discovery of Source: New
Voss Artesian bottled water is taken from a virgin aquifer that, according to the company, has been shielded for centuries under ice and rock in the untouched wilderness of Central Norway. Perhaps more to the point in today's world of lifestyle trends, Voss's stunning cylindrical package has quickly developed a superior image and significant market share in the ultra-premium bottled water segment.
The company adds bicarbonate to the sparkling version, hence the elevated mineral reading compared to the still version.
1.瓶身由Calvin Klein的前創意總監設計(難怪會吸引人)，造型前衛，像個香水瓶。
據說瓶身是用水晶石材質，logo是燙上去的喔。
2. 好萊嗚明星的明星加持
3. 水中的勞斯萊斯，讓你感覺不到水的存在
4.絕對純淨水，來自挪威自然無害的自流井。不含納，無礦物質。
5.完全不經過任何加工。連氣泡水的氣泡都是天然的。
6.Voss的玻璃瓶據網站說只在"高級"旅館，俱樂部， 餐廳販售，為什麼說高級，因為走高級路線。
買回來喝，自己的身價就好向上翻好幾倍。

紅色版的voss 只限在美國販售喔。一公升2.49美元未稅。

** Voss 厲行減碳計畫
CARBON OFFSET PROJECTS
To offset 100% of our carbon footprint, Voss has invested in two high-quality carbon
offset projects that provide authentic and verified emissions reductions (VERs, also known
as carbon offsets). Voss’ commitment to puchasing 30,000 tonnes of carbon offsets
from these projects represents a real, quantifiable and permanent reduction of green-
house gas emissions below a baseline or business-as-usual level.
All projects are verified under internationally-accepted, transparent and third-party proto-
cols and are sourced from 3Degrees, an industry leading renewable energy and carbon
offset company.

對抗高油價 瑞典2020年後將計劃無油

【大紀元2月9日訊】〔自由時報編譯陳泓達／綜合報導〕鑑於油價節節攀升，環保問題愈趨嚴重，瑞典已率先提出一個超越其他先進國家的能源計劃，打算在十五年內全面放棄使用石油燃料，也將不再建造新一代的核能發電廠。若該計畫獲國會通過，瑞典將成為全世界第一個全面使用再生能源的無油經濟體。英國衛報8日報導，這項無油計劃是由一個集合產官學界要員的委員會擬定，預定幾個月後提交國會審議。瑞典政府7日指出，這項計劃旨在將所有的化石燃料替換為再生能源，以減少氣候變遷對經濟的危害，避免油源匱乏導致價格巨幅攀升。瑞典永續發展部長薩赫琳女士也表示，瑞典對石油的依賴將在二○二○年告終。瑞典皇家科學院能源委員會指出，愈來愈多人擔心，全球石油供應已臻頂點，而油價高漲將可能導致全球經濟衰退。薩赫琳將依賴石油指為最嚴重的全球性問題之一。她表示，瑞典停用化石燃料將為該國帶來很多好處，尤其是降低油價波動的衝擊，「當前油價是一九九六年時的三倍」。一九七○年代的石油危機曾重創瑞典經濟，如今該國幾乎所有供電均來自核能和水力發電，化石燃料的使用主要是交通運輸。近十年來，瑞典已將幾乎所有的取暖設施轉換為地熱和廢熱（工業熱產生過程中未加以利用而排放於周圍空氣、土壤或水中的熱能 )所產生的蒸汽或熱水。八○年舉行的公民投票也決定逐步停用核能，但迄今尚未落實。停用石油將使瑞典躍升為全球環保龍頭國家，這些「綠色聯盟」國家包括：冰島希望在二○五○年前以取自再生資源的氫氣做為車、船動力；巴西則打算在五年內以主要取自甘蔗的乙醇驅動八成的運輸船隊。** 此次 旅遊到瑞典皇宮區 見到加沼氣的計程車 在斯德哥爾摩 已有給加生物沼氣的加氣站

** 斯德哥爾摩，跑的是喝酒精、吸沼氣汽車一輛輛減速準備靠邊載客的公車，不管紅色或是藍色，車身上都以白色油漆寫上「Ethanol」（生質酒精）、或「Biogas」（沼氣），代表油箱裡裝的不是會排放大量二氧化碳的石油，而是從甘蔗、玉米或木頭提煉出來的生質酒精，或是從廢水與其他廢棄物提煉的生質沼氣。這樣的公車在全市區共有300多部。 繞進市區內無人服務的加油站，三個加油機中，有一個貼上大大的「E85」標誌，那是摻入85％酒精燃料進入15％石油中，可減少排放二氧化碳80％排放的生質燃料，價格還比一般汽油便宜1∕3。有些計程車外表不寫字，乾脆畫一片綠

葉、一團花簇或是三角型的資源循環標誌，告訴民眾它們是環保車。「換開環保車之後，到機場可以停在快捷車道上，不必排隊，可以更快載到客人，」一位滿臉灰鬍子、駕駛Hybrid（油電混合）計程車的司機笑著說，政府獎勵開環保車，好處多多，來回機場一天可以多載四到五個客人以上。

世界上最長的公路隧道-Lærdalstunnelen

洛達爾公路隧道（挪威語：Lærdalstunnelen）位於挪威西部，是世界上最長的公路隧道。

洛達爾隧道位於挪威西部的洛達爾（Lærdal）和艾於蘭（Aurland）之間，全長24.51公里。於1995年3月開始動工興建，2000年11月27日正式通車。整個工程項目共耗資約1億美元，由挪威國王哈拉爾五世為隧道正式剪綵通車。

過去來往於奧斯陸和卑爾根的車輛，不僅要在洛達爾乘三個小時的輪渡橫越洛達爾附近的松恩峽灣（挪威語：Sognefjorden），還要在洛達爾和艾於蘭之間翻越一大段地勢非常險峻的山路，這段山路在冬季冰凍時期更禁止通行。洛達爾隧道通車後，奧斯陸與卑爾根之間的交通大為改善，行車時間由以往的14個小時縮短至7個小時，車輛在冬季照常通行無阻。根據設計，洛達爾隧道的行車容量為每小時400輛，但由於挪威人口較少，這條隧道每晝夜通過的車輛數目僅為1,000輛。

** 挪威隧道口一定會標示隧道長度 Lærdalstunnelen每五公里即用不同LED燈光 讓司機眼睛不會疲勞

**挪威長隧道內用告示牌 告知 你現開車多少公里 還剩多少公里 出隧道

芬蘭新創意：手機簡訊開路旁公廁

【大紀元2月19日訊】(據中廣新聞報導)芬蘭想出用發送手機簡訊來當路邊公廁鑰匙的創意。

芬蘭道路管理局一月開始推出把公廁管理和通訊結合的措施。為了方便維護以及預防破壞，芬蘭兩條公路休息站的公共廁所全部上鎖，民眾在使用前，只要發送一通手機簡訊到特定號碼，公廁的門就會打開。這套系統的收費，和一般的手機簡訊一樣。
過去芬蘭路邊的公廁經常遭到破壞，在實施這項新的措施之後，因為電信公司會把收到的簡訊號碼儲存，以便治安當局在必要時追查，它應該可以對搞破壞的人，造成一定嚇阻作用。

** 這趟北歐行 見識到到處女男平等行為 設施 如 赫爾辛基 港邊的公厠 小號男女共用 而且 都是站立 如圖所示 公厠右邊 是投幣式全備殘障或要上大號的廁所 左邊 是一俱流線型彎形便斗 女男共用 女士微蹲即可

挪威北角午夜太陽超神秘

**ㄧ到達北角 下車後 能見度不差 叫大夥於北角的地球儀下 先拍合照 以免待回氣候 海相變化 造成終生遺憾
【大紀元6月22日訊】十七世紀旅行家尼格理（Francesco Negri）他曾為了見識日不落的永晝與午夜太陽之奇景,一路奔波到北角（Nordkapp;71° 10' 21"），寫下了這麼一段文字：「就在這兒，世界走到了盡頭，我的好奇心也到了盡頭，現在已經可以甘願回家去了。」這個稱之為北角的地方，長久以來一直被認為是歐洲大陸最北方的頂點。在某種意義上，北角已成為一種圖騰。十六世紀的歐洲航海探險熱潮裡，海權國度為了探勘西北航道的存在與否而順帶定位了北角的具體形象，從此之後，歐洲人更清楚認清了歐陸的侷限性。於是，這孤懸在挪威極北小島上的石崖，便產生了分野舊時代與新時期的標記作用。深入北極圈內的這片極北之崖，始終像座磁石吸引著懷抱浪漫想像的旅者腳步，除了歐洲極北點的響亮稱號，還隨行程大方附送北極圈午夜太陽的日不落奇觀。至少，每張旅遊廣告都大剌剌地這般宣稱。說來真有點煞風景，要在北角遇上好天氣，據說得向上帝討上許久的情面才有機會。當地導遊表示，大多數蒞臨北角的遊人，最驕傲的事並不是好好瞧瞧這岬角的萬千儀態，而是在先進新穎的旅客服務中心裡寄上幾張來自歐陸極北點的明信片解悶。要是真果幸運到遇上北角陽光，除了趕快用當天的日期做靈感急電台灣簽注樂透彩，更千萬別錯過以下的健行路線。這段秘徑的起點位在通往北角的公路旁，小徑單趟可走上兩、三個小時，通往的目的地稱做Knivskjellodden (71°, 11’, 08’’)。到底那兒有啥非去不可呢？根據最精準的測量數據顯示，這個岬角比稱做北角的地方還要再往北方延伸大約一千五百公尺。換句話說，歐陸的極北點，其實是北角的隔壁鄰居。近百年來，來自世界各地的人們懷抱著有如朝聖的心情來到北角。北角的名稱是由英國探險家Richard Chancellor於1553年的探險而來。在之後愈來愈多人把征服此地當成一種精神象徵，有如完成一項偉大的任務。一開始，旅人必需由崖底直接攀爬上高307m的海岬，漸漸才有簡陋的步道。北極會館內有相關資料顯示當時的人們來到此地的艱辛，甚至穿著蓬蓬裙的仕女們也必需拉起裙擺，登上1008層階梯。** 北角午夜的太陽 與 極圈的極光 是北極圈內最珍貴追逐的大地稀有的現象 就如 十七世紀旅行家尼格理 所說:我到達了 我看到了 我此生無憾了 這趟旅行 自2000年後 每年都安排歐遊主題 年年都有驚艷 和收穫 但都不如這次歐陸北角 追逐午夜太陽過程這樣戲劇性 山腳下這大雨 飄著雪花 車行上北角ㄧ路氣候糟透了 到達北角 氣象與海相是瞬息萬變 幸運的 能見度還不錯 已非常感激上天 儘然 在午夜12時 我們將離去時 午夜太陽跳上來 繼藍洞後我們又ㄧ次見到特有地理奇相

** Nordkapp Information 2009

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ttp://www.dajiyuan.com)

格陵蘭完全自治 朝獨立邁出重要一步

全球第一大島格陵蘭，在經歷丹麥300年統治後，透過長期的理性對話與民主程序，終於在21日慶祝邁向高度自治的時代。這是格陵蘭脫離丹麥統治，最終走向完全獨立的重要一步。

　　位於北極圈內、世界最大島格陵蘭，在丹麥統治300年後，終於正式邁入全面自治。格陵蘭原住民伊努特人21日穿著傳統服飾，聚集在首都努克市，高唱傳統歌謠，歡慶進入完全自治的新紀元，為宣告獨立邁開重要一步。由於格陵蘭蘊藏豐富石油與礦產開採的遠景，使得這場慶典成為國際焦點。

　　◎奮鬥300年 終獲完全自治

　　格陵蘭面積超過216萬平方公里，人口5.7萬，以原住民伊努特人居多。1775年格陵蘭島成為丹麥的殖民地，1953至1979年是丹麥的一省；1979年獲得有限自治權，除了外交、司法和國防之外，格陵蘭島可以擁有自治議會和自治政府，負責管理內部事務。此後格陵蘭自治政府和丹麥政府舉行了馬拉松式的談判，希望獲得更多的自治權。

　　去年11月，格陵蘭島民衆就高度自治問題舉行公民投票，投票率高達72％，其中75%支持丹麥移交更多的自治權利，並將格陵蘭島的自然資源控制權交由格陵蘭自己掌握。

　　格陵蘭正式自治後，將接管天然氣資源管理權、司法權和警察權，並擁有部分外交事務權。但在國防和外交事務上，丹麥仍擁有最終決定權。完全自治後的伊努特人將成為國際法承認的單一民族，其獨特語言也成為格陵蘭官方語言。

　　◎龐大天然資源開採 攸關能否走向獨立

　　格陵蘭擁有豐富的石油、天然氣、黃金及鑽石礦藏等天然資源，但因陸地大多覆蓋在北極冰層下而多半無法開採。不過隨著全球暖化融解冰原，這些資源將比較容易開採，而這些天然資源的開採，正攸關格陵蘭能否能走向完全獨立。

　　目前格陵蘭經濟主要收入來自漁業，因此極度仰賴丹麥政府的財政挹注，總額占GDP的30%。格陵蘭蘊藏的豐富石油、天然氣資源若能開採，可為格陵蘭打下雄厚的經濟基礎，擺脫經濟上依賴丹麥的現狀，才有獨立的條件。

　　格陵蘭位於北極地區，瀕臨北極海，而丹麥本土卻和北極海有一段距離。專家指出，北極海可能蘊藏全世界四分之一尚未發現的原油與天然氣，近來因為冰層融化，未來可能開闢全年可供船隻航行的「西北航道」，成為太平洋和大西洋之間的航運捷徑。

　　北極海的利益，已成為附近各國角力焦點。去年5月美國、俄羅斯、加拿大、挪威和丹麥等5國官員，曾在格陵蘭開會，討論如何分配北極海尚待開發的天然資源。由於格陵蘭是丹麥的自治領地，丹麥才得以與會，如果格陵蘭獨立，丹麥就難以參與北極海利益分配，這是丹麥要拉住格陵蘭的主因之一。

　　◎理性對話 格陵蘭樹立自治典範

　　格陵蘭獨派人士也知道自己的經濟問題，因此非常期望格陵蘭的礦藏收入增加，為有朝一日完全獨立奠定基礎。格陵蘭新任總理柯雷斯特（Kuupit Kleist）表示，如果格陵蘭人願意，格陵蘭終將獨立，但他未來4年的任期內，將會專心解決包括酗酒、家暴、自殺率偏高在內的社會問題，不會優先推動獨立。也因此，丹麥短期內還不用擔心格陵蘭自立門戶。

　　自治後的格陵蘭或許正要開始面對接踵而至的問題，然而，丹麥與格陵蘭以和平的方式，重新建構的特殊關係，或許可以為其他仍為主權問題紛擾不休的地區，提供更具創意與彈性的思考空間。
Download from 中央廣播電台

Map of Greenland

Edvard Grieg and Hotel Ullensvang

葛利格（Edvard Grieg，1843年6月15日－1907年9月4日，又譯為格里格 ，挪威作曲家和鋼琴演奏家，出生於卑爾根，祖先是蘇格蘭人。代表作有《A小調鋼琴協奏曲》、《培爾金特組曲》和《鋼琴抒情組曲》。他是浪漫主義音樂時期的重要作曲家。
*著名作品
《在秋天》
《悲歌旋律》
《皮爾金組曲》
《西佔爾特·約爾沙法爾》
《A小調鋼琴協奏曲》

*Grieg的生平:
Grieg was born in Bergen, Norway on 15 June 1843. The original family name was spelled Greig. After the Battle of Culloden in 1746, his great-grandfather traveled widely, settling in Norway around 1770, and establishing business interests in Bergen. Grieg was raised in a musical home. His mother, Gesine b. Hagerup, became his first piano teacher, who taught him to play from the age of 6. He studied in several schools including Tank's School, and often brought in examples of his music to class. Edvard and Nina were cousins from Edvard Hagerup.
In the summer of 1858, Grieg met the eminent Norwegian violinist Ole Bull, who was a friend of the family, and whose brother was married to Grieg's aunt. Bull noticed the 15-year-old boy's talent and persuaded his parents to send him to further develop his talents at the Leipzig Conservatory, then directed by Ignaz Moscheles.
Grieg enrolled in the conservatory, concentrating on the piano, and enjoyed the numerous concerts and recitals given in Leipzig. He disliked the discipline of the conservatory course of study, yet he still achieved very good grades in most areas, an exception being the organ, which was mandatory for piano students. In the spring of 1860, he survived a life-threatening lung disease. The following year he made his debut as a concert pianist, in Karlshamn, Sweden. In 1862, he finished his studies in Leipzig, and held his first concert in his home town of Bergen, where his programme included Beethoven's Pathétique sonata. (Grieg's own recording of his Piano Sonata, made late in his life, shows he was an excellent pianist).
In 1863, Grieg went to Copenhagen, Denmark, and stayed there for three years. He met the Danish composers J. P. E. Hartmann, and Niels Gade. He also met his fellow Norwegian composer Rikard Nordraak (composer of the Norwegian national anthem), who became a good friend and source of great inspiration. Nordraak died in 1866, and Grieg composed a funeral march in his honor. Grieg had close ties with the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra (Harmonien), and later became Music Director of the orchestra from 1880–1882.
On 11 June 1867, Grieg married his first cousin, Nina Hagerup. The next year their only child, Alexandra, was born. The following summer, Grieg wrote his Piano Concerto in A minor while on holiday in Denmark. Edmund Neupert gave the concerto its premiere performance on 3 April 1869 in the Casino Theater in Copenhagen. Grieg himself was unable to be there due to commitments conducting in Christiania (as Oslo was then named).
In 1868, Franz Liszt, who had not yet met Grieg, wrote a testimonial for him to the Norwegian Ministry of Education, which led to Grieg obtaining a travel grant. The two men met in Rome in 1870. On Grieg's first visit, they went over Grieg's Violin Sonata No. 1, which pleased Liszt greatly. On his second visit, in April, Grieg brought with him the manuscript of his Piano Concerto, which Liszt proceeded to sightread (including the orchestral arrangement). Liszt's rendition greatly impressed his audience, although Grieg gently pointed out to him that he played the first movement too quickly. Liszt also gave Grieg some advice on orchestration, (for example, to give the melody of the second theme in the first movement to a solo trumpet).
In the summer of 1869, Grieg's daughter Alexandra became ill (cerebrospinal meningitis) and died, at the age of 13 months.
In 1876, Grieg composed incidental music for the premiere of Ibsen's play Peer Gynt, at the request of the author. Many of the pieces from this work became very popular in the orchestral suites or piano and piano-duet arrangements.
In 1888, Grieg met Tchaikovsky in Leipzig. Grieg was later struck by the sadness in Tchaikovsky.Tchaikovsky thought very highly of Grieg's music, praising its beauty, originality and warmth.
Grieg's later life brought him fame. The Norwegian government awarded him a pension.
In the spring 1903, Grieg made nine 78-rpm gramophone recordings of his piano music in Paris; all of these historic discs have been reissued on both LPs and CDs and, despite limited fidelity, show his artistry as a pianist. Grieg also made live-recording player piano music rolls for the Welte-Mignon reproducing system, all of which survive today and can be heard.
In 1906, he met the composer and pianist Percy Grainger in London. Grainger was a great admirer of Grieg's music and a strong empathy was quickly established. In a 1907 interview Grieg stated: “I have written Norwegian Peasant Dances that no one in my countrymen can play and here comes this Australian who plays them as they ought to be played! He is a genius that we Scandinavians cannot do other than love."
Edvard Grieg died in the autumn of 1907, aged 64, after a long period of illness. His final words were "Well, if it must be so". The funeral drew between 30,000 and 40,000 people out on the streets of his home town to honor him. Following his wish, his own funeral march for Rikard Nordraak was played in an orchestration by his friend Johan Halvorsen, who had married Grieg's niece. In addition, the famous funeral march by Frédéric Chopin was played. He and his wife's ashes are entombed in a mountain crypt near his house, Troldhaugen. 節錄從 Wikipedia

** Grieg's Morning from You tube :



** Edvard Grieg's Composer's Cabin around Hotel Ullensvang
The composer Edvard Grieg (1843-1907) occasionally lived at Lofthus and composed many of his most renowned works here. His composer?s cabin is situated in the garden of Hotel Ullensvang. Open to public


Hotel Ullensvang is a first class hotel, owned by the same family in 5 generations throughout more than 160 years. Located in beautiful surroundings in Lofthus and in Norway’s largest fruit orchard, Hardanger. The blossoming period is one of the most stunning periods, lasting from approximately mid May until mid June. The hotel is situated directly by the fjord, with a view over the Hardangerfjord and Folgefonna glacier. 344 beds in 172 rooms. A modern and large conference department. Event premises. Parking house. Large garden. Fjord lagoon with private sandy beach. Large activity house in the hotel. Very good excursion possibilities. Original composer's hut of Edvard Grieg in the garden of the hotel.
Buffet and à la carte restaurant. Coffee bar. Dancing bar with live music 6 days a week. Event premises. Fully licensed. 2,5 hours from Bergen. 3,5 hours from Stavanger. 2,5 hours from Haugesund and 2 hours from Geilo.

** 以下影片是我們入住時所拍的照片 作成iPod影片的情形:

Brunost - Brown Cheese from Norway

Brunost is a brown Norwegian whey(乳漿,乳清) cheese. The Norwegian name brunost means 'brown cheese'. In North America it is referred to and sold as gjetost, which is an older spelling of geitost that is no longer frequently used elsewhere. The cheese is also popular in Sweden, where it is called mesost, Denmark, where it is called myseost and Iceland, where it is called 'mysuostur'.
Brunost is made by boiliing a mixture of milk, cream and whey carefully for several hours so that the water evaporates. The heat turns the milk sugar into caramel which gives the cheese its characteristic taste. It is ready for consumption as soon as it is packed in suitable sized blocks. A low-fat variant is made by increasing the proportion of whey to milk and cream.
It's a fact that Brown Cheese is a must for every abroad travelling Norwegians.
Norwegians started the era all back in the Viking time, it was later followed up by the Polar heroes Nansen and Amundsen. And also stars like the famous group A-HA and the ski queen Bente Skari have an almost erotic relationship to the powerful cheese.
"We bring with us bread, Brown Cheese and groats from Norway, and that is important for us," says Biathlon coach Svartdal.
Many will maybe think that this is a way to profile the old traditions in a cheesy propaganda. But this is not the case, the Norwegian loves their cheese!
** 我們在開始 Norway in a nutshell 之前 特地 前往 專做 brown cheese 的小鎮 為了 製做衛生 或（商業機密）不准參觀 工廠 到專賣cheese的商店 先試吃 大夥就搶著買起來 還幫他們切塊裝包 老闆 ㄧ時性起通通打九折

Norway "Buckle up" signs - Clear, Design, Warm and Heart-touching

these road signs are all over Norway... a very clever, visually compelling “buckle up!” campaign. much more effective than text alone. sweet too.















** 3 kinds of "buckle-up" signs over the Norway roads.

Cafe Christiania ㄧ間在Oslo 雅淑 懷舊 與 野味的餐廳

** 大夥在Oslo被安排到ㄧ間很特別餐廳用中餐 它俱雅淑 懷舊 與 野味（收藏品）的餐廳 我們食用是三道式西餐 主菜 豬排與馬鈴蜀 頭頂上 即是 Beer套餐 自取加壓式生啤酒

Café Christiania stands facing the Norwegian Parliament （挪威國會）右下圖 in the venerable Freemasons’ building at Nedre Vollgate 19.
Our aim is to make this restaurant a lively meeting point in town, where the atmosphere will be based on Norwegian culture from the first half of the previous century. This is reflected in the interior, which features the largest collection in Norway of country store items from 1900 to the 1960s.
There is also an historical slant to our menu, which features classics such as Veal Oscar, Sole Meunière and Wiener Schnitzel.
Café Christiania opened its doors on 1 November 2005.
The restaurant is divided into several sections and has room for around 280 guests in total.
Closest to the street is the café section, called Buen (the Bow), which overlooks Eidsvolls plass and Karl Johans gate. Farther inside is Landhandleriet (the Country Store), the main room of the restaurant, which has its own Chambre Separée with room for private parties of up to 80 guests.
The restaurant wine cellar is strategically positioned in the restaurant itself, so that you have the opportunity to bring guests in to view the wines at first hand.
Øl-bordet (the Beer Table) closest to the kitchen is a special attraction, serving 3, 5 and 7-course menus based around beer – and where guests can pour their own beer from taps hanging down from the ceiling. We also serve a small (0.2 l) beer with each course, specially selected to suit the menu chosen.
In the spring and summer, we provide outdoor service on our roof terrace – called Folketinget (Parliament) – which can seat 110 people. Here we serve a special barbeque menu all day and night.
It is our intention to create a lively restaurant environment that is equally well suited to a quick cup of coffee, a Christmas party for friends and colleagues or a delicious dinner with family or important business contacts.
We are here for you, and will happily create menus and whatever else you need for a thoroughly pleasant dining experience. (download from Cafe Christiania website )

何謂維京人?

維京人（Viking）就是北歐海盜，他們從公元8世紀到11世紀一直侵擾歐洲沿海和英國島嶼，其足跡遍及從歐洲大陸至北極廣闊疆域，歐洲這一時期被稱為「維京時期」（Viking Age），在英語中，這個詞是從18世紀的傳奇故事中引入的，有一種說法認為可能是來源於古代北歐人的古北歐語語言，「vik」意思是「海灣」，「ing」意思是「從……來」，加起來「維京」意思是在海灣中從事某種事，「vikingr」是在海灣中從事這種事的人。另一種說法認為是來源於古英語「wíc」意思是「進行貿易的城市」，因為後來部分維京人定居到不列顛島，並和當地人進行貿易。
「vikingr」這個詞曾經出現在斯堪的納維亞半島的古代盧恩文石碑上面，在冰島的土語中也意味著「海上冒險」。在英語中「wicing」這個詞首先出現在6世紀的古代盎格羅-撒克遜的詩歌中，意思就是海盜，但當時英國人並沒有將北歐海盜稱為維京。在中古英語中「維京」這個詞已經消失了，但18世紀時又重新出現在傳奇故事中，到了20世紀，「維京」不僅指海盜，意義擴展為指斯堪的納維亞人，並出現許多新詞如：「維京時代」，「維京文化」，「維京殖民地」等。
由於後來斯堪的納維亞人沿著俄羅斯的河流從事商業活動直到拜占廷帝國，並在河流沿岸設立殖民地定居，所以後來將來自斯堪的納維亞的商人也稱作維京，北美洲的斯堪的納維亞人也被說英語的人稱為維京。實際上並不是所有斯堪的納維亞人都是海盜，他們和其他地區的歐洲人一樣也是農民、漁夫和獵人，他們為了防止海盜入侵也成立了艦隊，將所有的斯堪的納維亞人都稱為維京會造成混淆。

維京人的船是維京文化中重要的組成部分，可以說維京人的一切都與他們的船有密切聯繫。維京船製造的材料主要取自高大筆直的橡樹。維京船分為戰船和貨船兩類。戰船較輕，船窄，靈活輕便，又很耐風浪；而貨船的船身又高又寬，船體也很重，在波濤洶湧的大海中載重航行時可保持穩定。兩類船都有通常所說的彎曲船首，用一整塊完整的橡木精雕細刻而成。
維京戰船由於吃水淺，速度快，轉向靈活，十分適合遠征異地時突襲式的劫掠活動。但由於維京戰船甲板是露天的，因此不能起到擋風遮雨的作用。風雨和巨浪仍然使維京人又冷又濕，凍死人和夜晚被巨浪卷下海淹死都是很常見的事。由此可見，維京人的這種穿越大海的征服行動無疑必須具有無比的勇氣和堅定的毅力，在取得勝利之前首先要忍受極大的痛苦。因此維京人這個名詞從中世紀強烈的貶義到了今天又帶有勇氣的含義。

Viking expansion:
** The Viking Ship Museum

The Viking Ship Museum displays the large Viking ships Oseberg, Gokstad and Tune, as well as founds from the chief grave at Borre in the Vestfold district. The three ships are the best preserved Viking ships known, found in royal burial mounds in the Oslo fjord. As burial ships, carrying the dead over to “the Other World”, the ships were equipped with unique treasures such as wagons, horses and especially textiles which are seldom preserved from the Viking age, now on exhibit at the museum.
Our knowledge of daily life in the Viking Age comes mainly from archaeological finds. The graves contained not only jewellary, weapons and vehicle tools, but also other tools and household goods. These finds are exhibited in the museum.
*維京人 據說 最遠 到達北美大陸 比 哥倫布早發現新大陸
** 博物館內留影 與 館外現代雕塑物:

National Opera House, Oslo, Norway

2009.06.08 PM11:30 現代歌劇院 晚間打燈的情形 ㄧ有陽光 人們會依序 沿坡而上到屋頂(似船的甲板上)"晒木瓜" 無障礙設施 良好 讓推著娃娃車的父母 無費吹噓之力 即可到達頂部.

Recently completed in the harbour area of Bjorvika, Oslo, the National Opera House (Nytt Operahus) is a NKr3.3bn new opera house. Statsbygg, the Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property oversaw the project which has been billed as the biggest boost for culture in Norway since the medieval Nidaros Cathedral was built in Trondheim. With a total cost of £420m, its design won an international competition and was opened by King Harold of Norway in April 2008.
The opera house is the first element in the planned transformation of this area of the city. In 2010 the heavy traffic besides the building will be moved into a tunnel under the fjord. Due to its size and aesthetics, the opera house stands apart from other buildings in the area. The marble-clad roofscape forms a large public space in the landscape of the city and the fjord.

DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE

The opera house is split in two by a corridor running north-south, the 'opera street'. To the west of this line are located all the public areas and stage areas. The eastern part of the building houses the production areas comprising three to four storeys above ground. There is also a basement level – U1 – below this part of the building. The sub-stage area is a further three storeys deep.
The opera house has approximately 1,000 rooms and is the workplace for over 600 people divided into more than 50 groups. The building is composed of three main elements: front of house, back of house and the roofscape.
The 'roofscape' describes the building's sloping roof surface, which rises directly from beneath the fjord. It is designed with fractures, stairs, the stage roof surfaces and the stage towers as defining features to the vast platform from the sea to the uppermost levels – all of which will be accessible to the public.
The unusual sloping roof is very different from the surrounding buildings. The roofscape will be clad in white stone, and its details will provide a holistic and symbolic character to the building while also providing a variety of experiences as one moves past it.
The front of house incorporates all the public areas, located in the building's western section, with access from the nearby central train station. These public areas include the main foyer, a large performance auditorium with 1,350 seats and a small auditorium with 400 seats.
The large auditorium employs a classical form with a horseshoe-type plan and a high ceiling height, providing high-quality natural acoustics and good sight lines to the stage. In addition to the main stage there is also an under-stage complete with elevator, side stages, back stages and a back-side stage that can be used as a choir or orchestra rehearsal room.

OPERA HOUSE LOCATION

The National Opera House is located in an area of the capital characterised by heavy traffic (both road and rail) and busy port activity. In addition to the opera house, Oslo council is developing the area into an attractive centre for business, dwelling and cultural activities. This will involve placing the nearby E18 highway into a tunnel under the region.

KEY CONTRACTORS

In June 2000, the Norwegian architect firm Snøhetta AS unanimously won the contract to design the new National Opera House, beating competition from 230 other entries. The key structural engineers are Reinertsen Engineering AS, Ingenior Per Rasmussen AS and Erichsen & Horgen AS. Norges Geortekniske Institut (NGI) is the geotechnical consultant.
Other contracts were awarded to: Theatre Projects Consultants, London, UK (theatre consultant); Scandiaconsult AB (foundations and building contractor); Brekke Strand Arup (acoustics); Johns J Syltern AS and Veidekke Entreprnor AS (site preparation, phase I and II, respectively); Skandinaviska Glassystem AB (glazing) and Bosch Rexroth AS.

Radisson SAS Plaza Hotel Oslo

With 37 floors and breathtaking views of Oslo and the Oslo Fjord, the Radisson SAS Plaza Hotel is Northern Europe's highest and Norway's largest hotel. The first Radisson SAS hotel to receive the Nordic Eco Label, The Swan Label in 2003, our hotel meets the world's strictest environmental requirements on energy and water conservation, and chemicals and waste disposal.
Located in the city centre next to the Airport Express Train station and close to Oslo Spektrum, Oslo's grand arena, and the new commercial district.
All 673 rooms and suites are equipped with high-quality amenities.
All guests rooms are now non-smoking as of 01 January 2008.
Free high-speed and wireless Internet access is available throughout the hotel.
The Hotel has two restaurants and 3 bars. From the outstanding a la Carte restaurant on the 34th floor "34" Restaurant & Bar, to the relaxing and more casual Galway Bay and LobbyBar on the ground floor.
Guests have access to swimming pool and sauna on the 34th and 35th floors.
Enjoy working out in our new gym and fitness area. We offer fitness, pool and sauna for all resident guests. The gym is provided with state of the art Technogym equipment and is located 114 meters above the ground, with a stunning view over Oslo. Work out during sun rise or sun set - Plaza Pool & Fitness is availieble from 7.00 to 23.00 daily.
Plaza Panorama on the top floor offers some of the best conference and banquet facilities in Oslo.

** 夜晚的 Radisson SAS Plaza(從New Opera House照過去city view )

因 Beatles - Norwegian Wood 村上春樹 寫 《挪威的森林》

《挪威的森林》是日本作家村上春樹於1987年所著的一部長篇小說。在日本廣受年青人的歡迎，是日本最暢銷的小說之一，村上春樹因此而更為人知悉。該書封面由村上春樹親手設計，以紅綠色為上下冊封面主體並加註：「百分之百的愛情小說」。該作品於1988年發行的單行本銷量449萬，納入1991年/2004年發行之文庫本總銷量達786萬，為日本近代小說銷量排行首位。

故事講述在 1987 年，已經 37 歲的主角兼敘述者──「渡邊徹」，乘機到達德國漢堡機場後，聽到機上播放著背景音樂──由披頭四用管弦樂器演奏出「挪威的森林」，回憶起 18 年前魂歸九泉的某位女性。
主人公糾纏在情緒不穩定而且患有憂鬱症的直子和開朗活潑的小林綠之間，展開了自我成長的旅程。故事以直子自殺，渡邊帶著淡淡的哀愁，與阿綠重新開始而結束。故事中出現了多重三角關係，小說中描寫出年青人在感情之中的掙扎，從中展現出一種迷惘感。小說被設置在1960年代晚期，當時日本各大學罷課頻頻發生。而《挪威的森林》刻畫了當時人們的偽善和軟弱，反映出在青年運動下學生的鼓動。

故事人物
「我」
故事的男主角。在神戶高中畢業後，到東京的私立大學升學，學習戲劇。〈故事是記述有關學生運動。按此故事設定來看，這與作者的母校──早稻田大學的描述有脗合的部分。〉全名是「渡邊徹」〈ワタナベ　トオル〉。喜歡喝威士忌、白蘭地、愛看書、和女人廝混。不喜歡與人有深入接觸，除了直子。
木月 (キズキ)
是「我」的高中同級男同學。他和直子是青梅竹馬，後來發展成情侶。木月常跟直子和「我」一起談話高中時在自己家裡的車庫中，把窗封密，然後把膠管接上N360型汽車的排氣管後，開動引擎自殺了。
直子
和木月自小相識的女性朋友，後來成為木月的情人。高中畢業後到東京的大學升學，其後在火車上遇到「我」。遇到「我」的半年後，進了京都一間名為「阿美寮」的療養院，是集體治療精神病患者的設施。「阿美」，在法文中意思是「朋友」。最喜歡的音樂是「挪威的森林」。1969 年冬天自殺。

敢死隊
「我」進入大學宿舍時的男室友。由於他有潔癖，行為過於異常，如喜歡做廣播體操，因此得此名。他在國立大學攻讀地理學。希望在國土地理院工作。「我」常拿他作話題，由於他的怪異行為，令聽者無不逗笑。後來突然搬出宿舍。因為敢死隊愛清潔，也使「我」養成整齊清潔的習慣。

永澤學長
「我」的宿舍住的一位令人景仰的男前輩，比「我」年長 2 年。是東大法律系的學生。他的家在名古屋經營醫院。希望進外務省當外交官。他的人生觀十分極端，自視過高。因為和「我」趣味相投──愛讀菲茨傑拉德的「了不起的蓋茨比」，因此交了朋友。常常帶「我」到酒吧找女孩兒廝混。進修後到德國波恩。

初美學姐(ハツミさん)
永澤學長的情人，和永澤學長同年。相貌平平但散發著非一般的氣質。在一所東京的女子大學就讀，有很多出身富貴人家的大小姐都會前往就讀。永澤學長到海外四年後，她割脈自殺。

小林綠
和「我」同上「戲劇史 II」課，大學一年級女生。自家在東京內的大塚經營小林書店。樂觀、硬朗型少女，十分情緒化、喜歡跟人賭氣和愛撒嬌。有姐姐。母親兩年前因腦腫瘤去世，父親也因此病逝世。對家人把她送到富有人家就讀的學校感到不滿。家人不許她撒嬌，不讓她亂花錢。曾因省買胸罩的錢來買煎鍋，結果要穿一個半乾半濕的胸罩三個月。討厭道貌岸然的人，如會讀一點點「資本論」、美帝入侵、革命等就賣弄學識的人。會做關西風味的菜式，有抽煙的習慣。即使多麼討厭父母，但也會在父母病重時悉心照顧，實是自相矛盾。

石田玲子阿姨(レイコさん)
是直子在阿美寮的女室友。她是該寮的音樂老師。三十五歲以上。既是病人也是老師，但已經康復。現在協助直子康復，在「我」探望直子時，當觀察者。自小立志當職業鋼琴家，但因精神病而被迫放棄。後來和跟她學鋼琴的男生結婚。但後來被一位跟她學鋼琴的十三歲女同性戀者令她被人誤會是同性戀者，並引起鄰居非議。最後和丈夫離婚。喜愛抽煙。會彈吉他。

挪威的森林不但是小說的書名，小說中亦多次提到的《挪威的森林》是英國披頭四樂隊的一首歌曲（Norwegian Wood），是渡邊常常會聽的一首曲子，也是能鎮靜直子心靈的一首奇特的曲子 , Norwegian Wood 的wood字指森林，但通常以複數形式woods表達。

真正 歐陸最北角的地方- Knivskjelodden(71°, 11’, 08’’)

Knivskjelodden (71°, 11’, 08’’) - The real northernmost point of Europe.

The track starts from the parking place at E69, ca. 7 km before the North Cape plateau. After 8 km and 2 ½ hours walk, following the track marked with red T’s, you reach the Knivskjelodden. On this latitude the weather can change very fast. Wind and fog can give you an unpleasant surprise even on a sunny day. Therefore, always leave a message in your car where and when you left for a walk. As a souvenir from your visit at the northernmost point of Europe, you are welcome to buy a diploma for Kr. 50, - and a pin for Kr. 35, - at the tourist office or at Nordkapp Camping. The income helps the locals to take care of our artic environment.

歐洲大陸最北的郵筒

歐洲大陸最北的郵局，在地寄出的信件都會蓋上特製的北角郵戳，紀念旅人們遠征至此的輝煌成果喲!!

芬蘭夜臥長程火車-VR Sleeper

VR or VR Group (Finnish: VR-Yhtymä Oy, Swedish: VR-Group Ab) is a state-owned railway company in Finland, and formerly known asSuomen Valtion Rautatiet (Finnish State Railways) until 1922 and Valtionrautatiet / Statsjärnvägarna (State Railways) until 1995. Its most important function is the operation of freight and passenger rail services. Maintenance and construction of the railway network itself is the responsibility of the Finnish Rail Administration (Ratahallintokeskus - RHK). Both operation and network were originally carried out by the parent company Valtionrautatiet, which split into the two current ones in 1995.

• "Blue" carriages - popularly known as such due to their blue and light gray liveries. Once the mainstay of VR's network, they are have now been largely replaced on most long distance services starting from Helsinki. They are still extensively used on Turku-Tampere services. Top speed is usually 140 km/h.
• "Red" carriages - similar to the "blue" coaches, but with a red and light gray livery, different seat layout and repositioned entrance doors, mainly used for locomotive-hauled commuter services to and from Helsinki during rush hours, occasionally also in place of the blue carriages in long-distance services. Top speed is 140 km/h.
• Single-deck InterCity carriages - used on many routes, including the Helsinki-Saint Petersburg "Sibelius" train. Top speed is 160 km/h.
• Double-deck InterCity 2 carriages - extensively used on the Helsinki-Tampere route. Many long distance trains consist of both InterCity and InterCity 2 coaches. Built in Finland by Transtech Oy, these are VR's most modern carriages.

  Sleeping cars

  VR also operates sleeper services between Helsinki/Turku and Lapland, which also include car-carrying (motorail) waggons. New double-deck sleeping carriages (including rooms with en suite showers and toilets) were introduced on the Helsinki-Rovaniemi service in the 2000s. These wagons are painted in a red-and-white livery similar to the InterCity coaches. Other overnight services (Turku-Rovaniemi and Helsinki-Kolari) are operated by older "blue" sleeper carriages.

• 

** 夜臥火車上車地點 幾乎可從大路切進到臥鋪車廂 不要像我耗耗蕩蕩 從大廳進入 走遍各月台 再走到最後車廂 新穎夜臥車廂分上下Deck, 償障人士在下層 我們被安排在上層 每ㄧ間房間是二人房 麻雀雖小 五臟俱全 可看出芬蘭人設計的功力 非常扎實 現代感 以下 是房內配備與盥洗廁所合用(門打開見到 洗手台 與 便器, 梳裝台打開固定 即為 淋浴的浴室. 熱水充足 很舒服)的照片 和許多可以充電的插座:

** 從 Helsinki 至 Rovaniemi 約12小時車程 (19:30~07:53+1) 時間過長 和 太陽幾乎不下山 我們在車上 辦ㄧ小型Party 看我們從台灣帶來零嘴 和 在 遊輪上買的免稅葡萄酒 大夥聊天作樂 (只是被隔壁房 抗議)

Sapas - Ravintola juuri

看過 凃翠珊 “PURE FINLAND-設計 讓世界看見芬蘭“ 文中提到 Helsinki 設計博物館附近 有一間小餐廳-Juuri (芬蘭文謂:根 之意) 特地叫旅行社 安排 參觀 設計博物館後 前往一嚐 新進芬蘭特色的餐點 - Sapas.
它是 把西班牙下酒菜 - Tapas 用芬蘭當地傳統食材 創造出有名的Sapas 菜單. Sapas其中的S是Suomi, 芬蘭語“芬蘭“的意思 Sapas 即芬蘭式Tapas.
因餐館位子不多不接受團定 因大夥要趕6點夜臥火車到近北極圈的Rovaniemi 在其正式晚餐前 幫我們設計ㄧ嘗鮮的Menu:
Season's mushroom soup and emmentaler* chip
Lingonberry(越橘) marinated salmon on maltbread(麥牙麵包), tarragon(龍蒿)-garlic oil
Smoked vendace(白鱒) from Pielinen(英國某地) and egg sauce
Fresh sausages a'la Juuri, vodka mustard
Worschmack of game, creamed sour bread
Beetroot(甜菜根) and nut stew and small mushroom
Roasted swede(瑞典蕪菁) with cauliflower puré
Turnip(蕪菁甘藍) bread and garlic butter seasoned with lovage(獨活草)
Eggcheese spiced with oregano(牛至), baked on top of straws(麥稈)
Rhubarb(大黃根) sorbet
*Emmentaler is the classic “Swiss” cheese, a creamy cheese with deep holes and pockmarks which has been made in Switzerland for centuries.

這些菜單食材都是採當地植物 非常特別 簡約又俱現在設計養生感 每一盤Sapas 從傳統中創新出另種組合 大夥吃得津津有味 驚嘆連連 但需搭酒進食為佳(餐廳常備許多葡萄酒) 時間關係 我們用Beer來搭配 餐廳雖小 但俱現代設計感 餐具也很特殊 是一次美食饗宴之經驗 (以下一些照片是進餐中所攝 作成iPod video)



Juuri is a big breath of fresh air to the Finnish restaurant scene. Its owners are passionate about quality food, always handmade of the freshest Finnish ingredients. Juuri's speciality is "sapas," a Finnish version of tapas. Try the raspberry marinated arctic char with radish sauce, or traditional worschmack of game with creamed sour bread. Juuri's main philosophy: to create innovative, modern and tasty dishes from Finnish gifts of nature. - Tuuli Tammenkoski

西貝流士 芬蘭頌



西貝流土是芬蘭的民族樂派作曲家。被譽為「二十世紀的貝多芬」是芬蘭的國寶。西貝流士出生的時候，他的擔任醫生職務的父親就決定了將來要他做一位法官。兩年之後，父親就與世長辭，母親誓願依照其父的意志，教育西貝流土;但出乎他田親意料的，西貝流土在學校中的功課極不理想，老師對他母親和祖父母說西貝流土似乎對法律毫無興趣，可是幾年下來，西貝流上的興趣在那裏，沒有人知道。西貝流土五歲時開始彈奏鋼琴，也沒有人加以理會，漸漸的，他會竟作些簡單的歌謠。
八歲時，西貝流士又開始拉小提琴，西貝流士曾自稱小提琴攜帶起來較為方便，碰到令他陶醉的景物，可以隨時演奏。從此之後，每當西貝流士放學回家的時候，他就丟下書包，到樹林中去，事後且向其同學敘述其在樹林中聆聽小鳥歌唱，且為之伴奏的美景，在這樣的幽靜環境中，欣賞大自然的美景，然後他就把這些天籟譜成了音樂。
他的作品 ~ 交響詩「庫雷伏」(Kulle-vo、凱萊利亞組曲(The Karelia Suite)，後來是交響詩「黃泉的天鵝」(The Swan of Tuonela)，這些作品中全部激盪著愛國的熱情。芬蘭神話和古代英雄的故事，是西貝流士此一時期的主要譜曲題材，芬蘭被壓迫的民族靈魂，透過樂曲而發出了怒吼的正義呼聲，而這位作曲家 西貝流士遂變成了反抗壓迫的英雄，更是芬蘭抗暴精神力量的來源。當愛國的歌聲響徹了雲霄，帝俄的統治者開始下令燒燬西貝流土的作品，但這位年輕而意志高昂的作曲家卻一曲緊接著一曲，毫不屈服。一八九九年的秋天，他開始日以繼夜的譜曲，寫出芬蘭的過去和未來，音樂中既有萬丈的雄心，也有新的希望和遠大的美景，對整個芬蘭人而言，西貝流土為交響樂團所寫的一首「芬蘭頌(Finlandia)」，自從一八九九年十一月四日第一次在赫爾辛基愛國大會上演奏的那一個時刻起，立刻就變成了芬蘭全國潛在心胸中的反抗呼聲，全民族將之牢牢記住，低吟、高吭、永憶，這首樂曲既是聖詩，也等於是芬蘭的國歌了.
"芬蘭頌"
西貝流士所有作品中，要以"芬蘭頌"最為著名了。這首廣為流行的交響詩，於1899年問世。由於芬蘭在1808年為俄國所併吞，芬蘭人為爭自由，反俄抗暴的革命運動綿延不息，西貝流士在熱血沸騰下，寫了這首激勵芬蘭民族意識的"芬蘭頌"，其Finlandia之標題，即為「芬蘭精神之曲」的意思。俄國認為此曲有鼓動芬蘭獨立之嫌，遂禁止演奏，直到1905年，芬蘭獨立成功，"芬蘭頌"不僅在芬蘭掀起狂潮，也深為各國人士喜愛。西貝流上雖然在"芬蘭頌"中明示了芬蘭的民族性，但其曲調都由西貝流士自創，而非以實際的民謠曲調為基礎。
樂曲首先以不甚明確的調性奏出了莊嚴的行板導奏，揭示了民心的動盪不安，豪邁的動機重述兩次後，定音鼓的連擊，傳出了民族的怒吼，樂曲進入了中庸快板的主部後，木管奏出了悲嘆的沈重主題;接著，在銅管信號調激昂的前導下，長號雄壯地展示了戰鬥般的進行曲主題;三角鐵、大鼓的登場，使愛國的情緒更為澎湃高昂。樂曲隨後漸趨平靜，管樂器奏出了宗教曲調的和平讚歌;接著又是雄壯活潑的進行堅定有力地將樂曲提升至激昂興奮的高潮，似乎引喻芬蘭光明的來臨。最後在強勁有力的節奏下，以導奏的動機結束了全曲。

** 西貝流士紀念公園 Sibelius Monument
A two-staged competition was arranged by the Sibelius society, founded in 1957, for a memorial to the composer. The second stage was taken by Eila Hiltunen's entry `Passio Musicae'. The competition gained immense publicity; the conflict between the supporters of abstract and figurative art was in the air, but it was solved by adding Sibelius' bust to Hiltunen's work. The work is made unique by its spatial diversity of the work, allowing the viewer to enter it, and the echoes and sounds generated by the structure. Viewed from further away, its form blends in with the woods and rugged rocks. The monument is a visual expression of the way Sibelius' music depicts nature. It is one of the most popular tourist attractions of the City.

赫爾辛基的岩石教堂 Temppeliaukio Church

傳聞中，赫爾辛基有三所著名教堂，被稱為觀光必看，分別是大教堂、岩石教堂以及烏斯別斯基東正教堂; 岩石教堂原名『登貝里奧基歐教堂 (Temppeliaukio Church)』， 教堂是利用位於住宅街的一大塊岩石高地建造而成，為了不損及自然景觀，將岩石部份往下挖掘，而教堂就巧妙的設計在其中。岩石教堂(Temppeliaukio Church) 於1969年建成，由天然岩石挖建而成建築風格極具特色的新型基督教教堂，在當時屬前衛宗教建築，從外觀看，教堂就像個停在大石裡的飛碟，唯一能看出教堂身份的，是立在門口上方小小的銅製十字架。現在岩石教堂(Temppeliaukio Church) 雖開放參觀，但芬蘭居民平常仍在此做禮拜、進行教會活動、舉行婚禮且還是音樂會的熱門場所。岩石教堂(Temppeliaukio Church)屋頂採圓頂設計，有一百條放射狀的樑柱支撐同時鑲上透明玻璃，採光極佳，直徑24公尺，高10 公尺，其餘的壁面仍保有原始的岩石風味，教堂入口走廊為隧道狀，入口處則塗以混凝土，整座教堂如同著陸的飛碟一般，趣味獨具。岩石教堂(Temppeliaukio Church)內設置有祭壇、祈福區、百年管風琴，其中祭壇的位置經過特殊計算，夏季的禮拜時間，陽光會透過天窗，直射祭壇上；祈福區就是基督教傳統的點蠟燭儀式的區域，祈福區因長期燭光導致岩壁顏色較深；而岩石教堂(Temppeliaukio Church)所放置的管風琴是當地音樂家所捐贈的百年管風琴，其與岩石所產生的特殊共鳴，使得岩石教堂成為各界愛樂者爭相演出的場合。

** 於教堂內 留影紀念:** Organ music at Temppeliaukion kirkko

Arounder in Helsinki: http://helsinki.arounder.com/city_tour/FI000009617.html

Nordic Walking - 北歐式健走

Nordic Walking uses specifically designed poles to engage the upper body during fitness walking. Nordic Walking was first used as a summer training method by cross-country skiers. It was then developed into a fitness exercise with specific training equipment in co-operation with the Finnish sports equipment manufacturer Exel Oyj, researchers in sports medicine, and other fitness professionals. Nordic Walking was first launched in Finland in 1997. It has rapidly increased in popularity and today Nordic Walking is well-known fitness sports.

** 此張photo是我在芬蘭 赫爾新基 民俗島上 見到居民以划雪杖 健走的情形:


Exel is the original Nordic Walking brand. With more than 20 years of experience in the manufacturing and development of carbon composite poles, Exel is a leading producer of high-end products for pole market segments. Exel’s Nordic Walking concept incorporates innovative products, parts and accessories. In addition, Exel has created educational programming for training techniques, instruction, and warm-up and stretching exercises.

芬蘭驚艷 - 吳祥輝 著

芬蘭，高掛北方「天涯」；台灣，孤懸東南「海角」。

2005年「海角」危機四伏，政治的懸宕，經濟的空轉，黑金貪污的陰影，全球化的挑戰，中國崛起的壓力……。有形的內憂加無形的外患，讓這個生活在美麗之島上的人們不禁憂心自問：「台灣往何處去？」「新世紀全球版圖重整，台灣的定位何在？我們的識別、創意又是什麼？」

在地圖上距離台灣海程最遠的國家芬蘭，自2002年至2005年連續三年被評比為全球「成長競爭力」第一名，這樣的數字勾起作者的好奇，他想探究原本默默無聞的北歐小國，群體如何建立「芬蘭識別」？個體生命追求的「芬蘭價值典範」又是什麼？除了Nokia 和 Linux，我們還能自這個非常遠異常寒的地方，從政治、教育、道德觀等等得到何種的衝擊和啟發？

視野寬廣、多智易感的吳祥輝，用另外一個國家的故事和啟示來寫自己一生最關心的事，創出本地回憶錄之新型式新方向！在21世紀初啟之時，他願將這書贈給所有關心台灣未來的朋友；也藉由本書，他在台灣社會再度清晰建立了「吳祥輝識別」。

** Download 芬蘭驚艷 讀後心得報告 - 黃思恭

Carl Milles & Millesgården

** 在Milles' Garden大門口留念!
** My slideshow in Flickr of Milles' Garden

Millesgården can be termed a work of art in its own right, a nicely balanced stage design of terraces, fountains, stairways, sculptures and columns, coupled with a diversity of vegetation and an immense vista across the waters of Värtan from the rocky heights of Herserud. It was in 1906 that the sculptor Carl Milles bought a plot of land on the island of Lidingö, and in 1908 he had a house and a studio built there. Carl and Olga remained in this lovely home until 1931. A magnificent donation by Carl and Olga Milles established, in 1936, the Carl and Olga Milles Lidingöhem Foundation. Millesgården was first opened for the general public in the closing years of the 1930s. Millesgården is still run by the foundation, which includes representatives of the Swedish Government and the Municipality of Lidingö. This unique setting, one of Sweden?s foremost tourist attractions, welcomes thousands of visitors every year. It is open all the year round and the intention is for the museum, aided by exhibitions and activities of various kinds, to continue in the visionary spirit of Carl Milles himself.
Opening hours:Tuesday - Sunday 12pm - 5pmThursdays until 8pm
Visiting address:Herserudsvägen 32, Lidingö

Switchboard: +46 8 446 75 90Info: +46 8 446 75 94
Group bookings:monday - friday +46 8-544 80 894

e-mail: info@millesgarden

Public transport

Subway to Ropsten and then bus to Torsvik (one stop) or The Lidingö Train to Baggeby (two stops). From Torsvik and Baggeby there is only a short walk to Millesgården(approx. 300 m). Follow the signs. There are also a possibility to take directbus 207 to Millesgården. Departure times from Ropsten at 09.52 am, 10.52 am, 11.52 am and 12.52 pm. More information on how to get to us is available in the bus and train terminals at Ropsten. The information signs is placed in conjunction with

information from SL (Stockholms Lokaltrafik).

** May God hold me all the time (2009 June)!

@ Milles 另外在瑞典 經典作品 "Europe" (in Halmstad 2005 攝)和在Goteborg 的"Poseidon" (an often used symbol of Gothenburg ; 1999參觀過)＠在斯德哥爾摩city hall 濱臨波羅的海 有一對雕塑 亦出至Milles之手** 2005 May 於 Stockholm city hall 晴空萬里下 所拍攝得意作品

瑞典三皇冠的由來

瑞典在斯堪地那维亚半岛的历史上曾是个佼佼者，长期以来，北欧领土几乎是瑞典与丹麦相争天下的局面，瑞典领土的全盛时期包含今日的挪威、芬兰。更久以前，瑞典人的祖先维京人也曾靠着优异的航海技术及强健的体魄，对欧陆造成恐怖的威胁。历史上的强盛王国，为今日瑞典积淀了深厚的文化遗产。 十三世纪，瑞典第一个正式经过基督教大主教加冕的国王登基，统治的领土包括瑞典、丹麦及挪威，这也是北欧著名的“三皇冠”的由来。十五世纪，瑞典和丹麦为了争夺三皇冠的君主权相持不下，两方互相征战持续达百年，互有输赢。谁也没打破均势的局面。强势的瑞典在第一次世界大战前崩解，二次大战期间，瑞典维持中立，不过，交换的条件却是让德军通过国境，也因此北欧其他国家人民至今仍对此事耿耿于怀，大战之后，瑞典积极从事国际求援及和平工作，是联合国国际和平工作中出力最多的国家之一。至今，瑞典中立国的形象广受国际认同。

Three Crowns (Swedish: Tre Kronor) is a national emblem of Sweden, present in the Coat of Arms of the Realm of Sweden, and composed by three yellow or gilded coronets ordered two above and one below, placed on a blue background.The emblem is often used as a symbol of authority by the Swedish government and by Swedish embassies around the world, but also appears in other less formal contexts, such as the Swedish national men's ice hockey team, who wear the symbol on their shirts and hence are called "Three Crowns" (usually blue crowns on yellow shirt), and atop the Stockholm City Hall built 1911-1923. The Three Crowns are also used as the roundel on military aircraft of the Swedish Air Force and as a sign on Swedish military equipment in general.The origin of the symbol has been much debated throughout history and various more or less well-founded theories have attempted to shed some light on the matter.The symbol is known to have been placed atop the mighty central tower of the castle Tre Kronor in Stockholm, destroyed by fire in 1697, no later than the early 16th century. The symbol, however, is known to be quite older. One of several traditional explanations have suggested Albrekt of Mecklenburg(1338-1412), who ruled Sweden 1364-1389, brought the symbol from Germany as a sign of his reign of Sweden, Finland and Mecklenburg. This theory has, however, been refuted by later research, namely, the announcement in 1982 of the discovery of a frieze in Avignon in southern France, estimated to date back to 1336. The frieze was painted for an international congress lead by the Pope and contains the symbols of all participant countries, including Sweden. This discovery suggests the symbol was introduced by Albert's precursor Magnus Eriksson (1316-1377). Magnus used the symbols frequently, probably to mark his three kingdoms; Sweden, Norway and the newly won scanian provinces.Another theory suggests that the three crowns in the coat of arms are the three kingdoms: Kings of Svears, Götars och Vends; Sveriges, Götes och Vendes Konung/Finland)[

淺談宗教改革與新教

自拜占庭帝國的建立者君士坦丁大帝，在一場重要戰役之中，曾經夢見神的感召，而戰勝了該戰爭。此後於西元313年頒布《米蘭詔書》，宣佈不再迫害基督教，而且還皈依基督教，開創了政教合一的局面，也導致漸染權力的教廷走上腐敗之路。我們也知道權力會使任何人腐化，固現代民主政體限制了政府最高權力者的任期，也採取了政教分離的方式，來阻止有人假借宗教之名來行惡，或宗教因染上權力而失去它的原意。
自羅馬教廷政教合一經歷數百年，終於在十一世紀發生教皇哥理高七世與羅馬帝國皇帝亨利四世就因發生衝突而死鬥一番。十三世紀就發生英、法兩國抗議教廷侵占該國內太多田產，而發生了抗爭。直到十六世紀，教皇里奧十世因追求享樂生活，為了得到龐大資金用以消費，不顧《聖經》真理而販賣「赦罪卷」來增加收入，終於引發宗教改革。
馬丁．路德(Martin Luther)為日耳曼人，在艾爾福大學修讀法律系，後轉攻神學得到博士學位，為人堅信「義人必本於信得生並活著」(羅馬書．一章七節)。他首先對於「赦罪卷」提出了質疑，發表了一篇論文來辯論「赦罪卷」的實用性，為此文一出影響到教皇收入，導致教皇震怒而派人捉拿馬丁審判。
在帝國議會中馬丁與神學家艾克展開了辯論，在此之餘馬丁．路德也於1520年出了三本著作，為宗教改革立下基礎，分別是《致德意志基督教貴族書》、《教會被擄於巴比倫》、《基督教的自由》。當中內容主要是講述教皇權力高於政權，而教皇又獨自擁有《聖經》的解釋原意的權利，是教廷腐敗之主因。另外凡信徒皆是上帝的兒女，都可以直接與上帝溝通，而不需要透過中介。這也是現今基督教上為何有神父與牧師之分別。
教廷雖然迫害馬丁．路德，然而薩克森腓特烈三世卻保護他往德意志北部，從此他在德意志北部宣傳新教，為北歐等國家接受。只因當時丹麥等國飽收財政之苦，教廷強占的私田、私產達國家之一半，為此丹麥國王基士揚三世登基之時，宣佈宗教改革，強迫國民改信新教，沒收羅馬教廷的私產，瑞典、荷蘭、德意志、英國紛紛支持，形成了新教同盟，與西班牙、法國的天主教聯盟形成對峙之勢，終於爆發後來的三十年戰爭。
無可否認今天的羅馬教廷已經不斷完善，不再是昔日的腐敗教廷，而如果昔日沒有馬丁．路德的宗教改革，或許就沒有讓教廷獲得一個反思的機會，也沒有伊莉沙伯的強大英國建立，法國不會取代西班牙成為歐洲陸上強權，沒有新教的北歐也不能帶領歐洲進入啟蒙時代，可見馬丁．路德的功不可沒。

何謂"三十年戰爭"? - 影響北歐至深的戰爭

''三十年戰爭''（1618年－1648年），是由神聖羅馬帝國的內戰演變而成的全歐洲參與的一次大規模國際戰爭。這場戰爭是歐洲各國爭奪利益、樹立霸權以及宗教糾紛劇化的產物，战争以波希米亞人民反抗奧國哈布斯堡皇室統治為肇始，最後以哈布斯堡皇室戰敗並簽訂《威斯特伐利亞和約》而告結束。

==戰雲密佈==

1631年，瑞典國王古斯塔夫二世於布賴滕費爾德戰役會戰戰勝神聖羅馬帝國的情景(右圖)

在查理五世 (神圣罗马帝国)（1500-1558）之後，神聖羅馬帝國漸漸衰落，處於諸侯割據的狀態。當時歐洲以马丁路德1517年《九十五条论纲》为标志的宗教改革運動使全歐分為天主教(Catholics)與新教(Protestants)兩大陣營，而德意志內部諸侯則在信仰上出現了嚴重歧見，同樣地分裂為天主教與新教兩派。歐洲列強均想插手德意志事務

，以獲取利益。他們分為兩派，其中哈布斯堡王朝集團由奧地利、西班牙與德意志的天主教諸侯國組成，並得到羅馬教皇及波蘭的支持；而另一方為反哈布斯堡王朝集團，由法國、丹麥、瑞典、荷蘭及德意志新教諸侯國組成，並得到英國、俄國的支持。法国是天主教国家，但是在首相黎塞留的主导下，坚持王权高于教权，为消弱大陆上竞争对手哈布斯堡王朝，毅然支持新教国家阵营。

戰爭導火線是1618年的波希米亞（即今捷克）人民反抗神聖羅馬帝國的民族及宗教起義。而整場戰爭共分為4個階段，分別是捷克階段（1618年－1624年）、丹麥階段（1625年－1629年）、瑞典階段（1630年－1635年）及全歐混戰階段（1636年－1648年），最後以哈布斯堡王朝集團戰敗，參戰各國於1648年簽訂[威斯特伐利亞和約Treaty of Münster]為止，共達三十年之久。

==捷克階段==

被波希米亞議會任命為波希米亞國王的普法爾茨選侯腓特烈五世Frederick V (普法尔茨)

===扔出窗外事件===

波希米亞於1526年併入神聖羅馬帝國，自那時起，波希米亞國王由神聖羅馬帝國皇帝兼任。1617年，神聖羅馬帝國皇帝馬提亞斯派遣耶穌會教士進入波希米亞，意圖在波希米亞復興天主教，並任命哈布斯堡皇室的斐迪南二世Ferdinand II (神聖羅馬帝國)斐迪南大公為波希米亞國王，斐迪南是一名狂熱的天主教徒，他對波希米亞的新教徒進行大規模的逼害，並禁止新教徒的宗教活動，拆毀他們的教堂。於是在1618年5月23日，波希米亞首都布拉格的新教徒發動起義，衝進王宮，將神聖羅馬帝國皇帝的兩名欽差從窗口投入壕溝，並成立臨時政府，由三十位成員組成，宣布波希米亞獨立。

===全面反奧===

1619年6月波希米亞起義軍進兵至哈布斯堡王朝的首都維也納近郊，並與當時已繼位為神聖羅馬帝國皇帝的斐迪南二世 進行談判。斐迪南逼於形勢，在表面上假意答允進行談判，實際上在暗地裡向天主教同盟求助，並答允将来把普法爾茨選帝侯的爵位轉讓予巴伐利亞公爵马克西米连一世 (巴伐利亚选侯)，以換取天主教同盟出兵相助。不久，天主教同盟即出兵二萬五千人，並贊助神聖羅馬帝國皇帝大量金錢。起義者被逼於該年八月退回波希米亞，而波希米亞議會亦於該月選出信奉新教的普法爾茨選帝侯腓特烈五世 (普法尔茨)為波希米亞國王。

===皇帝反攻===

作為神聖羅馬帝國皇帝，斐迪南當然不能容忍波希米亞人自行選出國王，於是在解除維也納之圍後隨即出兵反攻，而天主教同盟之一的西班牙亦出兵進攻普法爾茨。1620年11月8日，波希米亞和普法爾茨聯軍在白山战役與蒂利伯爵 Count of Tilly所統率的天主教同盟軍決戰，聯軍雖佔有地利，但因裝備落後，終為天主教同盟軍所敗，腓特烈五世被逼逃亡荷蘭，而波希米亞則重新納入神聖羅馬帝國的版圖。波希米亞約有四分之三的地主的土地落入神聖羅馬帝國的地主之手。而神聖羅馬帝國皇帝更強迫波希米亞的百姓改信天主教，並焚毁波希米亞的書籍，以及宣佈德語為波希米亞的官方語言。1621年至1623年，蒂利再度擊敗普法爾茨的新教諸侯軍隊。至此戰爭的第一階段——捷克階段以哈布斯堡皇室為代表的天主教同盟軍獲勝為結束。

==丹麥階段==

新教路德派的丹麥軍隊統帥，丹麥王克里斯蒂安四世(右圖)

===全歐反奧===

捷克階段的戰事雖然告終，但法國並不能容忍查理五世時期的哈布斯堡帝國復活；而荷蘭則於1621年與西班牙開戰，至此仍未結束。英王詹姆士一世 (英格兰)則擔心其女婿普法爾茨選帝侯腓特烈五世的命運；丹麥和瑞典則不願看到神聖羅馬帝國皇帝再度在全國實施有效的統治。因此，本來只是波希米亞人民反對神聖羅馬帝國欺壓的起義戰演變為廣泛的國際戰爭。1625年，法國首相黎塞留提議英國、荷蘭與丹麥結成反哈布斯堡聯盟，丹麥負責出兵，而英國與荷蘭則在幕後支持，由此戰爭的第二階段——丹麥階段正式展開。

===丹麥出兵===

1625年信奉新教的丹麥王克里斯蒂安四世 King Christian IV of Denmark, 在英、法、荷三國的支持下與新教聯盟共同向神聖羅馬帝國皇帝發動進攻，很快便佔領德意志的西北部，與此同時，由曼斯菲爾德率領的英軍則佔領波希米亞西部。這次新教聯軍可說是節節獲勝，但於1628年，神聖羅馬帝國皇帝僱用聲名顯赫的波希米亞貴族華倫斯坦的僱傭軍，華倫斯坦不負其所望，於該年4月擊敗曼斯菲爾德，其後再擊敗丹麥，並控制了薩克森。丹麥被迫於1629年5月與神聖羅馬帝國皇帝簽定《呂貝克和約》，並保證不再插手德意志事務。戰爭第二階段以神聖羅馬帝國皇帝的勢力伸延到波羅的海告終。

==瑞典階段==

===瑞典出兵===

戰爭第二階段由神聖羅馬帝國獲勝後，華倫斯坦便計劃在波羅的海建立一支強大的艦隊，瑞典國王害怕從此神聖羅馬帝國會超越瑞典，取得在波羅的海的優勢地位。因此瑞典在法國的資金援助下，於1630年7月出兵，在波美拉尼亞登陸，從而開始了戰爭的第三階段——瑞典階段。

===大敗皇帝===

瑞典軍隊由國王古斯塔夫二世·阿道夫Gustavus II Adolphus （左圖）率領，與勃蘭登堡和薩克森選帝侯聯合，在1631年9月17日，於布賴滕費爾德戰役Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)打敗了神聖羅馬帝國的軍隊，佔領了波美拉尼亞。1632年初，神聖羅馬帝國軍的統帥蒂利伯爵在列赫河戰敗身亡，瑞典軍佔領美因茨，在4月再攻陷奧格斯堡和慕尼黑。神聖羅馬帝國皇帝在這危急存亡之際，再度起用原被貶斥的華倫斯坦為統帥，在該年11月與瑞典軍進行呂岑會戰，可是瑞典再度獲勝，但同時瑞典軍的主帥古斯塔夫二世國王亦陣亡，從此瑞典軍喪失進攻能力，而華倫斯坦則退回波希米亞，後來因為被神聖羅馬帝國皇帝所猜妒，遭到其派刺客暗殺。

===再度反攻===

神聖羅馬帝國皇帝藉此機會聯合西班牙盟軍，在1634年9月於納德林根會戰大敗瑞典軍，逼使瑞典軍撤回波羅的海沿岸。薩克森與勃蘭登堡則於1635年5月與神聖羅馬帝國皇帝簽訂《布拉格和約》。戰爭第三階段 - 瑞典階段以哈布斯堡皇帝獲勝而告結束。

==全歐混戰階段==

===法國出兵===

哈布斯堡皇室再次獲勝使得法國大為震驚，此前，法國因為自身是天主教國家，一直只是假手他國以削弱哈布斯堡皇室的實力，但當丹麥、瑞典與神聖羅馬帝國的新教諸侯均告失敗後，法國終於直接出兵，與瑞典聯合對哈布斯堡王朝作戰。從此戰爭進入第四階段——全歐混戰階段。

===法國獲勝===

黎塞留Cardinal Richelieu，法國首相，雖然自身是天主教的紅衣主教，但為了法國的世俗利益，與新教徒同盟進攻哈布斯堡皇室(右圖)

1636年－1637年，西班牙出兵法國，與神聖羅馬帝國由南北兩路夾攻，並且一度進逼至法國首都巴黎，但最後為法軍所敗。1638年8月法國海軍打敗舉世聞名的西班牙海軍，1639年10月西班牙海軍的主力更被原來籍籍無名的荷蘭海軍殲滅。1643年5月，第四代孔代亲王 (第四)與蒂雷纳在罗克鲁瓦战役中共同擊潰西班牙陸軍的主力。

===丹麥參戰===

1642年11月，瑞典軍於布賴滕費爾德再度擊敗神聖羅馬帝國軍，但此時丹麥王卻嫉妒瑞典軍的成果，並恐懼瑞典強大後，丹麥受其所制，因此乘瑞典軍攻進南德意志之際，向瑞典宣戰。丹麥曾於1644年擊敗瑞典與荷蘭的聯合艦隊，但其後丹麥海軍卻被重新組建的瑞荷聯合艦隊全殲。在經過三年（1643年－1645年）戰爭後，瑞典軍成功從水陸兩路進逼丹麥，逼使丹麥停戰求和。

===戰爭結束===

1645年3月，瑞典軍在波希米亞大敗神聖羅馬帝國軍，而該年8月法軍又於納林根會戰擊潰神聖羅馬帝國軍，神聖羅馬帝國皇帝的德意志領土大部份被佔領。1648年，法瑞兩國聯軍再在處斯馬斯豪森會戰及蘭斯會戰完勝神聖羅馬帝國軍。但戰至此時，雙方都已元氣大傷，結果於該年10月雙方達成和解協議，締結了兩個和約——《奧斯納布呂克條約》與《明斯特和約》，合稱《威斯特伐利亞和約》，至此三十年戰爭完全結束。

==戰爭影響==

===德意志分裂===

由於德意志是三十年戰爭的主要戰場，其經濟遭到極大破壞，而且戰後諸侯國各割地盤，其內部分裂變成不可逆轉，間接令神聖羅馬帝國變得名存實亡。

===荷瑞獨立===

這場戰爭後，荷蘭與瑞士的獨立受到保障，而荷蘭更為新的海上霸主。

===西班牙衰落===

西班牙在戰爭中不論陸戰還是海戰均告失利，並從此失去了歐洲一等強國的地位。

===法國興起===

法國在這場戰爭中取得了阿爾薩斯與洛林，並獲得了歐洲霸主的地位。

===瑞典興起===

瑞典國王取得了德意志的波羅的海沿岸的大片土地，並因此成為了德意志的諸侯，可以隨時插手德意志的內部事務。而且瑞典亦得到五百萬杜卡登的賠款，並從此一躍成為北歐強國。

===戰術改變===

戰爭中諸國開始實行徵兵制，並建立了常備軍與後勤系統，使軍隊可以進行持久戰。軍隊亦逐漸精簡化，以符合機動戰的要求；瑞典國王古斯塔夫二世所進行軍事改革，即以火槍兵取代長矛兵，先以炮兵進行集中火力的攻擊，再以騎兵出動進行突擊，最後由步兵負責清理敵軍的三段式戰法，更成為其後戰爭的標準戰法。

節錄 Wikipedia "三十年戰爭"

**引發三十年戰爭的因素頗多，雖有政治等因素，但其肇始點仍為宗教因素！！三十年戰爭是歐洲宗教改革時代的最後一次宗教戰爭，其所產生的影響對歐洲17、18世紀的政治、外交等各方面有著極深遠震撼. 這幾年有倖 遊遍歐洲大陸 常受其宗教不同 戰爭奪地 及皇室更迭 有霧裡看花的感覺
但弄懂 三十年戰爭 大概可把中世紀歐洲歷史 了解一半以上.
我曾 見到 布拉格 皇宮 將神聖羅馬帝國皇帝的兩名欽差從窗口投入壕溝 的窗戶, 也到過德國Augsburg 馬丁路得創新教之處, 它也是 查理五世 (神圣罗马帝国)欽簽 Peace of Augsburg地方.
三次造訪 瑞典國王古斯塔夫二世 要求建造當時最大與華麗的Vasa戰艦 國王遠在波蘭 未能親睹戰艦完成即下沈 此次 參觀 丹麥王克里斯蒂安四世 所建腓德烈克古堡皇宮 古往今來 歷史教訓ㄧ再上演 希望執政者以此為戒. - Ajou

Absolut Ice Bar Stockholm

** 第二次 造訪 Ice Bar Stockholm.

** Ice Bar changing included clothes color (June 09') - more expensive (195 SEK / person), more space and male bartender...












* 左圖玉敏與帥bartender合影,右圖ice bar 重新改裝內景.


The Absolut Ice Bar in Stockholm, Sweden is a great place to take a photo of your Baltic cruise vacation and have a drink to celebrate the beginning or end of a memorable visit to Stockholm. With a maximum of 30 guests, the Ice Bar is small, but wonderful fun. The Ice Bar has an interesting variety of drinks--all made with Absolut Vodka, of course! (Visitors who do not drink alcohol can get juice or other non-alcoholic drinks.)
The Absolut Icebar Stockholm (the official name of the Ice Bar) is located in the Nordic Sea Hotel, just a few blocks from the Central Train Station, the Stockholm City Hall, and the Sheraton Stockholm & Towers, where we stayed after the conclusion of our wonderful cruise to the Baltic on the Silversea Silver Cloud.
You don't have to worry about the Ice Bar melting in the warm summer days of Stockholm.
The interior of the Ice Bar is kept at a crisp 23 degrees Farenheit temperature (-5°C) all year round. All of the interior components of the Ice Bar, including the spectacular glasses, are made of pure, clear ice from the Torne River in northern Sweden. Let's take a closer look at the Absolut Icebar Stockholm.
The Stockholm ice bar is open all year round. Reservations are highly recommended by calling +46 8 50 56 31 24 except for the times noted as "drop in". The opening times are subject to change. You might want to check the Absolut Icebar Stockholm Web site to confirm the times.

@ Ice Bar Schedule from January - April Monday through Thursday -- 4:30 p.m to 12 a.m. Friday -- 4:30 p.m to 12 a.m. (Drop in 9:45 p.m. - 12 a.m.) Saturday -- 3 p.m. to 1 a.m. (Drop in 9:45 p.m. - 1 a.m.) Sunday -- Closed
Ice Bar Schedule from May - September Monday through Thursday -- 3 p.m. to 12 a.m.to 12 a.m. (Drop in 9:45 p.m. - 12 a.m.)Saturday -- 3p.m to 1 2a.m. (Drop in 9:45 p.m. - 1 a.m.)Sunday -- 3 p.m. to 10 p.m.
Ice Bar Schedule from October - December Monday through Thursday -- 4:30 p.m. to 12 a.m. Friday -- 4:30 p.m. - 1 a.m. (Drop in 9:45 p.m. - 1 a.m.) Saturday -- 3 p.m. - 1 a.m. (Drop in 9:45 p.m. - 1 a.m.) Sunday -- 5 p.m. - 10 p.m.

The Absolut Ice Bar is located just off the lobby of the Nordic Sea Hotel in Stockholm. When you arrive, you pay the cover charge (150 SEK in 2006; refill 85 SEK ; Online pre-booked sessions: SEK 170 per person,Drop-in sessions: SEK 195 per person, 2009.), and an Ice Bar employee will help you don one of the marvelous silver capes. The capes are designed to keep your body heat inside so it will keep you warm and keep the Ice Bar from melting! The shimmery silver capes are topped with a fake fir trimmed hood, and mittens are provided. After getting prepared for the 23 degree cold, you step into an air lock and close the door behind you. Next, you open the door into the Ice Bar. My first reaction was, Wow! The walls, tables, bar, decorations, and glasses are all made from pristine clear river ice.
When you enter the bar, you will see 30 other "silver-backed Absolut drinkers", most of whom are armed with a camera. There is a lot of laughing and flashing (of cameras) in the Ice Bar. Although the Ice Bar has small tables, there are for standing only, since there are no bar stools or chairs. I guess they either didn't want to have to pry customers from their frozen seats, or didn't want anyone to melt the stools!
The first Ice Bar was at the Icehotel in northern Sweden, which was first built in the autumn of 1989. Each year the Icehotel melts, and a new (bigger and better) one is constructed in the fall. Several years ago, the developer of the Icehotel had an idea of opening a permanent, year-round ice bar in Stockholm.
In June 2002 the world's first permanent Ice Bar opened in Stockholm at the Nordic Sea Hotel. The timing was planned to coincide with the 750th anniversary celebration of the founding of Stockholm. The first year, 70000 customers visited the Ice Bar and since then it has continued to grow in popularity. There may soon be an Icebar coming to a location near you! The Absolut Icebar became a franchise in December 2003, and the second Absolut Icebar opened in Milan, Italy in October 2004.
The cold air of the Ice Bar could certainly cool down an overheated businessman or tourist in any city!
The Famous Ice Bar Glasses:








The concept for the ice glasses was developed at the Ice Hotel in northern Sweden in 1995. The first ice glasses were cut by hand from river ice blocks taken from the pristine, crystal-clear Torne River of northern Sweden. Soon the ice glasses were so popular that a factory and production line were set up to manufacture the frozen glasses. Over 1 million glasses curved from the clear, pure river ice are used at the Ice Bars and Ice Hotel each year.




**Facts about ABSOLUT ICEBAR:

-ABSOLUT ICEBAR is a franchise concept developed by Swedish premium vodka brand
ABSOLUT and ICEHOTEL. The first ABSOLUT ICEBAR opened at ICEHOTEL in Jukkasjärvi, Sweden. ABSOLUT ICEBARs have since been established in Stockholm, Milan, London, Tokyo and now at Hotel Twentyseven Copenhagen.
-All ice used to build and run an ABSOLUT ICEBAR is brought from the Torne River in northern
Sweden. When the quickly moving water freezes it becomes crystal clear which is a must in order
for an ABSOLUT ICEBAR to be built with focus on its unique artwork.
-Art plays an important role at an ABSOLUT ICEBAR. Twice a year ICEHOTEL invites various
artists to create interiors and sculptures out of the Torne River’s crystal-clear ice, thereby recreating the entire setting at ABSOLUT ICEBAR.
-The partnership between ABSOLUT and ICEHOTEL began back in 1994 when the worldwide
advertising campaign ABSOLUT VERSACE was shot in and around the ICEHOTEL in
Jukkasjärvi. The campaign, photographed by Herb Ritts, used models Kate Moss, Naomi
Campbell, Mark Finley and Markus Schenkenberg. All the models wore creations designed by
Gianni Versace inspired by the classic ABSOLUT bottle.
- ICEHOTEL in Jukkasjärvi on the shores of the Torne River is the world’s most famous hotel
made of snow and ice. Its fantastic architecture and magnificent artworks have placed Jukkasjärvi
on the map of the world.
-ABSOLUT VODKA is the world’s third largest international spirits brand with sales on more
than 126 markets. The head office is in Stockholm while all production is carried out in Åhus in
southern Sweden.

Skansen - 世界上第一家露天博物館

** 大夥合照 於入門處:

Skansen是世界上第一家露天博物館，展示整個瑞典的微縮景觀。在這裡，從北部薩米人
居住的小屋到南部的斯高奈花園應有盡有。Skansen1891年由民俗研究者Artur Hazelius創
立，很快就大受歡迎。這裡的160多座房屋和花園來自瑞典各個地方和不同的時期，代表
了整個瑞典的風貌。人們可以在美麗的花園裡漫步，品嘗美食，觀看民間舞表演，聽音樂
會，現場觀看手工藝品制作，以及在各種商店和作坊裡購買高品質的產品。除了聖誕前夜
以外，Skansen全年開放。


Skansen is the world’s oldest open-air museum and is situated on the island of Djurgården within the city limits of Stockholm. Visitors to Skansen meet a miniature historical Sweden reflected both in the buildings and their surroundings – from the Skåne farmstead in the south to the Sami camp in the north. The venues illustrate the different social conditions in which people lived in Sweden between the 16th century and the first half of the 20th century. The majority of houses and farmsteads are from the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries.




Find your way at Skansen!
Skansen is somewhat of a labyrinth but here are some tools to help you find your way.
The interactive map - choose the setting, the animal or any other location that interests you and let the map find it for you.

** 舊五金行 與 老闆 收銀機

Stockholm Top 10

Welcome to Stockholm:

Stockholm, one of the most beautiful capitals in the world, is built on 14 islands connected by 57 bridges. The beautiful buildings, the greenery, the fresh air and the proximity to the water are distinctive traits of this city. Ekoparken, the first National City Park in the world, is a green space that breathes for the city, and a constant presence in the crush of the city.

With its 750 year history and rich cultural life, Stockholm offers a wide selection of world-class museums and attractions. Most of the city's attractions can be reached on foot, and there’s a good chance of experiencing a lot of things in a short time. Experience big-city life, the history of civilization and natural scenery, all in the course of the same day.

Visit Stockholm City Hall. Climb the City Hall tower for a fantastic view of Stockholm. Don't miss Gamla Stan, Stockholm's oldest attraction and one of the best preserved medieval city centers in the world. Walk through small winding streets lined with stores full of handicrafts, antiques, art galleries and cafés. The Royal Palace and Stockholm Cathedral are also located in Gamla Stan.

The green island of Djurgården is home to some of the city's most popular attractions. Visit the world-famous warship the Vasa, the world’s oldest open-air museum Skansen, or Astrid Lindgren’s Junibacken. And don't miss the chance to see Stockholm from the water. Naturally a city built on fourteen islands offers marvelous views over the water. There are many different sightseeing tours to choose from. And if fourteen islands aren’t enough, Stockholm offers a wonderful archipelago with 30,000 islands, islet rocks and skerries.

Welcome to Stockholm - the Capital of Scandinavia!

Stockholm in 24 hours

Stockholm is famous as one of most beautiful capitals in the world. The city is built upon fourteen islands, with wonderful natural scenery and water wherever you look. With its 750 year history and rich cultural life, Stockholm also offers a wide selection of world-class museums and attractions.

If you’re only spending one day in Stockholm, we recommend visiting Stockholms Stadshus (Stockholm City Hall), where the Nobel Banquet is held every year. From City Hall tower you also have a wonderful view over the entire city. If you'd rather skip climbing the tower, you can choose the view from Fjällgatan on Södermalm instead.

And don't miss Gamla Stan, Stockholm's oldest attraction and one of the best preserved medieval city centers in the world. Walk through the small winding streets lined with stores full of handicrafts, antiques and art galleries, and stop at a cozy café. The Royal Palace and Stockholm Cathedral are also located in Gamla Stan.

Naturally a city built on fourteen islands offers marvelous views over the water. Hop on a sightseeing boat and experience the beauty of the city from the water.

And don’t miss the most visited museum in Scandinavia, the Vasa Museum on the green island of Djurgården. The warship Vasa sank on its maiden voyage in central Stockholm in the seventeenth century. It's a unique and marvelous experience for older and younger visitors alike.

挪威醫師畢嘉士拯救小兒麻痺童 功在台灣

「2005台灣生技月暨國際生技大展」今天開幕，為配合全球小兒麻痺疫苗開發成功50週年，擁有「台灣對抗小兒麻痺的使者」之稱的挪威醫師 畢嘉士（Olav Bjorgaas）特別來台接受生物產業發展協會的「特別貢獻獎」表揚，在他手上拯救了無數小兒麻痺的孩子，一位外國人卻功在台灣。
生物產業發展協會理事長李鍾熙表示，生技醫藥研發提升人類福祉貢獻甚鉅，以今年生技月配合「小兒麻痺疫苗開發50週年紀念」為例，由於50年前，成功開發了小兒麻痺疫苗，才使得台灣有效掌控與預防這個流行病，2000年時WHO亦宣佈台灣根除小兒麻痺症。
受邀專程自挪威再訪台灣的80歲老醫師畢嘉士，當年協助台灣對抗小兒麻痺貢獻卓著。
畢嘉士醫師表示，他非常榮幸從挪威回到他的第二故鄉台灣，與大家共同慶祝小兒麻痺疫苗開發成功50週年紀念，與大家分享50年前台灣防治小兒麻痺的經驗，他亦代表曾創設的屏東基督教醫院及勝利之家，誠摰感謝生物產業發展協會及工研院。
工研院生醫中心表示，小兒麻痺症1955年被列為台灣地區「應報告傳染病」後，1959年3月全台爆發小兒麻痺大流行，屏東基督教醫院住院治療的結核病兒童感染小兒麻痺症，畢嘉士旋即著手治療小兒麻痺症，當年8月從紐約來的小兒麻痺症專家布里士（Dr. Gurgess）與物理治療師易沙（Isham）在診所進行小兒麻痺手術矯正與物理治療工作。
屏東基督教醫院也在1961年設立全省第一所專治小兒麻痺的「兒童療養院」，免費醫治來自全台的病患，隔年畢嘉士從美國進口沙賓疫苗為屏東地區四千名孩童免費接種，為全台首次大規模接種小兒麻痺疫苗。
除了畢嘉士外，馬階醫院的羅慧夫醫師與扶輪社對抗小兒麻痺症亦貢獻良多。羅慧夫醫師1966年創設小兒麻痺症重建中心，幫助小兒麻痺患者重新站起來。
台灣在政府及民間共同努力下，1990年加入WHO「小兒麻痺症根除計畫」，進行大規模小兒麻痺疫苗預防接種，終於在2000年WHO 宣佈台灣位居的西太平洋地區根除小兒麻痺症。

Nordic Sea Hotel

Nordic Hotels in Stockholm AB manages Nordic Light Hotel, Nordic Sea Hotel and ABSOLUT ICEBAR STOCKHOLM. The owner Ejnar Söder also owns Nordic Blue Hotel and the owner Hans Mellstrom also Seglarhotellet Sandhamn and Hotel Skansen.

WELCOME TO NORDIC SEA HOTEL - STOCKHOLM’S DESIGN HOTEL

We offer inspiration, relaxation and interaction, providing experiences you’ll take home with you and cherish. Our vision is to give each guest a truly Scandinavian experience.
The means we use are accessibility, good design and service. We provide experiences for all senses. We are people who like people. Our expertise covers Stockholm and we serve as a platform for new ideas and trends. We try to see the broad picture in relation to form, function and human beings. We express ourselves through forms and colors, through comfort and a caring attitude, through lovingly-prepared cuisine and wines produced with passion, through a genuine Scandinavian personality that we hope will captivate and inspire.
Experience Stockholm’s coolest bar – ABSOLUT ICEBAR STOCKHOLM at Nordic Sea Hotel across the street from Nordic Light Hotel.

In ABSOLUT ICEBAR STOCKHOLM, the world’s first permanent ice bar, the temperature is -5°C all year round, and the entire interior – including the glasses – is made from 100% pure, clear ice from the Torne River in Swedish Lapland.
RESERVATIONS
The bar has capacity for 60 persons and is open to all. Reservations are highly recommended outside Drop In Hours.
For opening hours, prices and online-booking 24 hours, visit www.nordicseahotel.com
Bookings can also be made by calling +46 8 50 56 31 24. We are not able to take reservations via e-mail. Please note that guests need to inform the bar in case they are running late, otherwise a booking will be cancelled 10 min in to the start of the booked time. We book 60 people at a time in set shifts of 40 min.

Nordic Light Hotel

Nordic Light Hotel is a luxury boutique hotel in Stockholm, Sweden.

Under no circumstances should anyone be put off by the unashamedly dated exterior of this one-time office block. The Sixties are inevitably the new Fifties, and this populist-utopian strain of Sixties modernism is only just now distant enough to be coming back into fashion.
And whether or not you’re ready to revisit that era ceases to matter once you’re inside. Nordic Light’s interiors are all 21st-century modern minimalism, Scandinavian style, set apart from countless otherwise similar hotels by an inordinate attention to lighting; the “light architect,” Kai Piippo, has earned his fee several times over. An endless (and seasonally variable) array of lighting effects, both subtle and otherwise, engage the eye at every turn.
Standard and Superior rooms keep it simple, making the most of their allotment of natural light and, in winter, making up the difference in pure white. But it’s in the Mood rooms that Nordic Light has earned its reputation: here moving patterns are projected on the walls, and the backlit headboard cycles through a spectrum of wintry tones.
Some guests will be in the mood for some color therapy, and some won’t. With 175 rooms, Nordic Light is big enough that there’s something for everyone — there’s a restaurant serving a Swedish interpretation of California cuisine, and a handful of bars, including a wine cellar, a martini lounge, and the Absolut Icebar across the road in the sister Nordic Sea hotel. The Arlanda Express station is just around the corner, for easy access to the airport, and the surrounding Normalm district is central for business travelers and shoppers alike.

ENJOY VOLVO OCEAN RACE

Stockholm will be a stopover port for the world´s toughest sailing competition during June 14-25. Since start in Alicante, Spain in October 2008, the Volvo Ocean Race has covered five oceans and all five continents. The stopover will be the largest event in Sweden during 2009, with up to 1 million visitors expected to visit the Race Village at Skeppsbron in Stockholm.

Stockholm Furniture Fair 2009

Stockholm Furniture Fair showcased the latest developments in Scandinavian design. A total of over 740 exhibitors took part in the fair, of which a majority came from Nordic countries. FinnishDesignShop.com visited the fair and picked out the most interesting new designs.
This year's Stockholm Furniture Fair and Northern Light Fair had more exhibitors from the Nordic area than ever before. Almost 40,000 visitors came to the fair that has now established itself as the largest and most important meeting place for Nordic design.


The Stockholm Furniture Fair and Northern Light Fair have shown themselves to be the most important meeting place for Nordic design. The largest foreign exhibiting countries are Denmark with 120 participants, Norway with 43 and Finland with 37. This year's fair had 22 new exhibitors from Denmark, and Norway also had more exhibitors than previous years.
38,780 people visited this year's Stockholm Furniture Fair and Northern Light Fair.
Interest for the fair continues to be great. This year 1,071 media representatives were accredited, of whom 276 were foreign journalists visiting the fair to report on the latest within Nordic design.




NOW IS THE TIME TO SEND IN YOUR APPLICATION TO
THE STOCKHOLM FURNITURE FAIR 2010

Edvard Munch的吶喊-二十世紀表現主義

愛德華.孟克 Edvard Munch(1863 ~ 1944)出生於德國慕尼黑﹝Munich﹞。他是一位挪威畫家和版畫製作者，他的畫作主題具有強烈精神和感情，對於二十世紀早期的繪畫產生重大的影響。
從孟克很多憂慮大自然的作品中，不但可以看出他的童年時期生活狀態，而且可以看出他住的是一個過度宗教信仰和抑壓的社會。孟克的母親在他在只有五歲的時候死於結核病，後來他與他的姐姐一起生活，不幸她也與母親遭遇到同一命運而死去，因此美術對於孟克來說是一個表達他悲傷情感的途徑。雖然他一生沉迷於女性，但他始終都沒有結婚。《生命之舞》﹝The Dance of Life﹞描述一個女性成長時由純真到充滿性欲，然後衰老的自然過程，但她仍然被視為是天真無邪的。
孟克雖然飽受精神衰弱的折磨，但是能冷靜地觀察自已的神智狀況，如同在畫自己的《自畫像》中一樣，其靈魂在洞犀的雙眼下一覽無餘地穿透出軀體；但在他有名的《吶喊》中，主要人物所感受到的恐懼乃是透過天空炫爛的紅與綠，對比的曲線與直線，及簡化成雛形的人體來表達，這人體的曲線幾乎與景致合而為一。1895 年，孟克形容此作是描寫他在「孤獨和被苦悶所戰慄的一刻時感受到自然界有浩瀚無盡的吶喊」。一般均認為這件作品是工業現代化後人們產生極度痛苦的象徵。




















The Munch Museum-Summer Exhibition

The Munch Museum (Norwegian: Munchmuseet) is a museum in Oslo, Norway dedicated to the work and life of the painter Edvard Munch.
The museum was financed from the profits generated by the Oslo municipal cinemas and opened its doors in 1963 to commemorate what would have been the painter's 100th birthday. Its collection consists of works and articles willed by Munch to the municipality of Oslo, additional works donated by his sister Inger Munch, and various other works obtained through trades of duplicate prints, etc. As a result, the museum now has in its permanent collection well over half of the artist's entire production of paintings and at least one copy of all his prints. This amounts to over 1,100 paintings, 15,500 prints covering 700 motives, six sculptures, as well as 500 plates, 2,240 books, and various other items.
In addition to its collection of works of art, the museum also contains educational and conservation sections. It has facilities for performing arts.
The museum structure was designed by the architects Gunnar Fougner and Einar Myklebust. Myklebust also played an important role in the expansion and renovation of the museum in 1994 for the 50th anniversary of Munch's death.
This place has also been the location of filming for an Olsenbanden-movie from 1984.
In the last months the City of Oslo promoved an architectural competition for a new Munch Museum in the area of Bjorvika, a new urban development were the Oslo Opera House is located. The new museum will be completed in 2013 by the Spanish studio Herreros Arquitectos.

北歐神話

北歐神話是斯堪的納維亞地區所特有的一個神話體系，其形成時間相對的較晚於世界上其他幾大神話體系。 地理學上的北歐 ，包括今日的瑞典 、 挪威 、 丹麥 、 冰島和芬蘭等國，但一般所稱的北歐神話並不包括芬蘭 ，因為芬蘭有自己的神話。
北歐神話中有許多部分十分特別，大部分的神話都會描寫創世的榮光，但北歐神話卻著力描述世界的毀滅。 神話中的神是會老死的，也是不完美的。 這是北歐神話和世界其他神話最不一樣的地方。 但另一方面，北歐神話相信當萬物消亡，新的生命將再次形成，世界上的一切都是循環的。北歐神話的口頭傳播歷史可追溯到1世紀 － 2世紀 。 北歐神話中英雄的後裔，即今斯堪地那維亞半島及德意志東北低地的日耳曼民族 。 西元五世紀左右， 日耳曼人大致分佈在萊茵河 、 多瑙河地帶，與羅馬帝國相鄰。
約在五世紀中葉，當時基督教在整個歐洲盛行，由於其在政治強力打擊，日耳曼人的神話被認為是異端邪說而漸漸付之一炬。 7世紀左右，隨著一批北上的移民移至冰島等處， 日耳曼人的神話在冰島地區反而保存下來了。 至今保留的較為完整的有冰島史詩 《 埃達 》以及日耳曼史詩 《 尼伯龍根之歌 》等。
神族與奇幻生物
北歐神話是個多神系統，大致上可分成四個體系： 巨人 （ Giants ）、 諸神 （ Gods ）、 精靈 （ Elves ）以及侏儒 （ Dwarves ）。
巨人是最早的生命，生出了諸神，但同時也是眾神最大的敵人，可以將之理解為人格化的自然力量。 神分為兩個部族，以主神奧丁 （ Odin ）為首領的阿薩神族 （ Aesir ）以及以大海之神尼約德 （ Njord ）為首領的華納神族 （ Vanir ），其中主要神有十二個。 精靈及侏儒屬於半神，他們為神服務，屬於日耳曼地區的特殊創造。
主要神/魔列表
奧丁 （ Odin ）： 阿薩神族 （ Aesir ）的主神；掌管戰爭、死亡、智慧、詩歌等。
弗麗嘉 （ Frigg ）：神後，奧丁的妻子；掌管婚姻和家庭；負責紡織雲彩。
索爾 （ Thor ）：奧丁的兒子，擁有雷神的稱號；負責掌管戰爭與農業，為巨人的主要敵人。
希芙 （ Sif ）：索爾的妻子，土地和收穫女神。
弗雷 （ Freyr ）：豐饒之神；主司收成和天氣；海洋之神尼約德 （ Njord ）之子，他出身於華納神族 ，和弗蕾亞一起作為人質交換來到阿薩族。
弗蕾亞 （ Freya ）：繁育及戰爭女神；弗雷的妹妹；她和奧丁平分戰爭中的死者。
洛基 （ Loki ）：淘氣和惡作劇之神；屬巨人族；奧丁的結拜弟弟。
提爾 （ Tyr ）：戰神；被芬裡爾狼（ Fenrir ）咬斷了一隻手。
海姆達爾 （ Heimdall ）： 彩虹橋 （ Bifrost ）的看守者； 諸神的黃昏時會吹響他的號角。
巴德爾 （ Baldur ）：光明之神；奧丁和弗麗嘉之子。
霍德爾 （ Hodr ）：黑暗之神；巴德爾的盲眼孿生兄弟。
凡賽堤 （ Forseti ）：真理與正義之神；巴德爾的兒子。
布拉基 （ Bragi ）：詩詞、智慧、雄辯之神；奧丁的兒子。
伊登 （ Idun ）：青春女神；布拉基的妻子； 阿斯嘉特萬年花園的主人，掌管恢復青春的蘋果。

NORWAY - Powered by Nature 5 min Widescreen

Norway slideshow

Trollstigen 精靈之路

Trollstigen, in the heart of Romsdal, is one of the best visited attractions in Norway. The mountains which encircle the Trollstigen road are enormous. Names like Kongen (the King), Dronningen (the Queen) and Bispen (the Bishop) confirm their majesty in this mountain world.
Stigfossen waterfall gushes down the mountainside towards the luscious Isterdalen valley. In the middle of all this, Trollstigen road winds it's way up the mountainside...
On this internetpage you'll find information and pictures from Trollstigen and the nearby area. Trollstigen is a perfect starting point for nature experience and "nature activities". We wish you welcome to Trollstigen and Romsdal.

Trollstigen is now open for the 2009 summer!

Jostedalsbreen - 歐陸最大的冰河

Jostedalsbreen or Jostedal Glacier, is the biggest glacier in

continental Europe. It is situated in the county Sogn og Fjordane at the west coast of southern Norway. There are however larger glaciers on the Svalbard archipelago. Jostedalsbreen lies in the municipalities of Luster, Balestrand, Jølster and Stryn. The highest peak in the area is Lodalskåpa at 2083 meters. Jostedalsbreen has a total area of over 480 km². The highest point is Høgste Breakulen 1957 m above mean sea level. Branches of the glacier reach down into the valleys, for instance Bøyabreen in Fjærland and Nigardsbreen, both 300 m above sea level. The thickest part of the glacier is 600 meters. Jostedalsbreen has a length of a little more than 60 km and covers almost half of the national park. Jostedalsbreen National Park was established in 1991, covering 1,310 km². There are three museums and also visitors centers, the Breheimsenteret in Jostedal, Jostedalsbreen nasjonalparksenter in Oppstryn (Stryn) and Norsk bremuseum in Fjærland.

The Jostedalsbreen has many glacier arms as the Nigardsbreen and Tunsbergdalsbreen in Jostedal, the Briksdalsbreen by Olden, the Bøyabreen by Fjærland, the Kjenndalsbreen by Loen and Austerdalsbreen. In 2006 the glacier arm Briksdalsbreen lost 50 metres of ice in a few months. Below in the external links you can view this dramatic event. More recent measurements now show that Briksdalsbreen retreated 146 meters in 2006, and could be in danger of breaking away from the upper icefield. Ice climbing has now been terminated. This past winters heavy snowfalls on the icefield may save Briksdalsbreen. Nigardsbreen is also a glacier arm nearby Gaupne in the Jostedal. You can go on guided glacier hikes here.

挪威縮影 Norway in a Nutshell

Norway in a nutshell is one of the most popular round trips in Norway. It takes you through some of the loveliest scenery in Fjord Norway. You experience the Flaam railway line, the Aurlandsfjord, the Naeroyfjord (the narrowest part of the Sognefjord) and the steep Stalheimskleivane hairpin bends.
The Bergen Line - crossing the roof of Norway
The 471-km rail link between Oslo in east and Bergen in west is a dramatically beautiful train journey. This line is exposed to harsh weather and wind, which is one of the greatest challenges. At a height of 1 222m, Finse is the highest station on the Bergen Line. At Myrdal the Flaam valley plunges down towards the Aurlandsfjord.
The Flaam railway line - a masterpiece of engineering
The journey on the Flaam railway line is one of the highlights of the trip. It is fascinating to be on the train as it glides through tunnels and open stretches on its way down the wild Flaam valley from mountain to fjord in just 20 km! You have a view of an ever-changing panorama of huge mountains and thundering waterfalls.
The most beautiful experience on a Norwegian fjord
Down in idyllic Flaam, It is time to eat and wander around a bit before continuing the trip by boat on the Aurlandsfjord and into the Naeroyfjord, one of the narrowest fjord inlets in Western Norway, surrounded by mountains up to 1,800m high. This fjord inlet of the Sognefjord is both beautiful and charming. Small west-country farms lie dotted along the mountainsides and you can often see goats grazing along the edge of the fjord. If you are lucky, you will also see seals lying on the smooth rocks along the shore. In a National Geographic survey of the most popular World Heritage sites, Norway's western fjords emerged as the winner, in competition with other prestigious UNESCO sites, such as the Great Wall of China, Galapagos, the pyramids of Egypt and Grand Canyon.
Stalheimskleivane
The ship docks at beautiful Gudvangen. The next stage of the trip is the bus journey up the 13 steep, spectacular Stalheimskleivane hairpin bends, with views of the Stalheim and Sivle waterfalls, to the Stalheim hotel. After a brief stop here to enjoy the view, the journey continues to Voss followed by a relaxing train trip back to Bergen or Oslo.
Optional direction of travel, and may be started from any railway station along the selected route. These tours could be enjoyed as day excursions or as extended roundtrips. For the longest suggested tour from Oslo via Voss and Bergen, normally the return to Oslo has to be done by the night train if this tour is done in one day.

我夢想到達的地方-Pulpit Rock;Preikestolen

The Pulpit Rock (Preikestolen), the most famous tourist attraction in Ryfylke, towers an impressive 604 metres over the Lysefjord. In old times, the plateau was called Hyvlatånnå ("planed tooth"). This flat mountain plateau, approximately 600 square metres was most likely formed with the melting frost 10,000 years ago.

The crack of the Pulpit Rock
The Pulpit Rock plateau seems to have been cut out with a knife. The right angled system of faults is very visible when viewed from above. One can imagine that enormous blocks on either side of the Pulpit Rock have plummeted into the Lysefjord. Along the whole fjord can be found so-called pressure-release faults, a particulary good example being the crack in the Pulpit Rock. When the Lysefjord glacier melted some 10.000 years ago, the pressure of the ice was removed and the rock.bed cracked. You can easily imagine what will happen when the cracks get deep enough.
It is a great experience to be at the top of the plateau.

The Pulpit Rock lodge is located near the main road (Rv 13) south of Jørpeland and can be reached by car or, in the summer, by bus from Tau. From here, there is a trail to the Pulpit Rock climbing 350 metres through somewhat uneven terrain. Along the trail, there are picnic areas and excellent bathing spots. Remember proper walking shoes/boots, walking sticks, warm clothing and food.It is a 2 hours hike from Preikestolhytta to Preikestolen (one way).Season: April - October.

You can enjoy served food and accommodation at the Pulpit Rock Mountain lodge, which is an excellent starting point for several other marked trails. There is a paying car park, an information booth and sanitary facilities (May-September).

It is also wonderful to experience the Pulpit Rock from the fjord, either from a sightseeing boat or from a car ferry going from Lauvvik, Oanes, Stavanger, or from several other places of call on Lysefjorden. See timetable at www.vfc.no

Do you think the only thing to do in the Pulpit Rock area is to walk to the Pulpit Rock ? Not so. You can find exiting things to do here for days.
Swim, fish, row, pick, berries, and mushrooms, study the fjord and fauna, scramble among huge bolders, visiting wartime hidingplaces - and above all to go walking.
This is an eldorado for young and old alike. You can find exiting trails in mysterious woods. Or you can rely on the specially made orienteering map to guide you past enchanted woods, mossy boulders and idyllic small lakes. Guidebook available in English and French.

斯德哥爾摩症候群

斯德哥爾摩症候群又稱為人質情結、人質症候群，是指犯罪的被害者對於犯罪者產生情感，甚至反過來幫助犯罪者的一種情結。

1973年8月23日，兩名有前科的罪犯 Jan Erik Olsson與Clark Olofsson，在意圖搶劫瑞典斯德哥爾摩內最大的一家銀行失敗後，挾持了四位銀行職員，在警方與歹徒僵持了130個小時之後，因歹徒放棄而結束。然而這起事件發生後幾個月，這四名遭受挾持的銀行職員，仍然對綁架他們的人顯露出憐憫的情感。這兩名搶匪劫持人質達六天之久，在這期間他們威脅受俘者的性命，但有時也表現出仁慈的一面。在出人意表的心理錯綜轉變下，這四名人質抗拒政府最終營救他們的努力。研究者發現到這種症候群的例子見諸于各種不同的經驗中，從集中營的囚犯、戰俘、受虐婦女與亂倫的受害者，都可能發生斯德哥爾摩症候群經驗。據心理學者的研究，情感上會依賴他人且容易受感動的人，若遇到類似的狀況，很容易產生斯德哥爾摩症候群。

斯德哥爾摩症候群，通常有下列幾項特徵：

1. 人質必須有真正感到綁匪（加害者）威脅到自己的存活。
2. 在遭挾持過程中，人質必須體認出綁匪（加害者）可能略施小惠的舉動。
3. 除了綁匪的單一看法之外，人質必須與所有其他觀點隔離（通常得不到外界的訊息）。
4. 人質必須相信，要脫逃是不可能的。

而通常斯德哥爾摩症候群會經歷以下四大歷程：

1. 恐懼：因為突如其來的脅迫與威嚇導致現況改變。
2. 害怕：壟罩在不安的環境中，身心皆受威脅。
3. 同情：和挾持者長期相處體認到對方不得已行為，且並未受到『直接』傷害。
4. 幫助：給予挾持者無形幫助如配合，不逃脫，安撫等；或有形幫助如協助逃脫，向法官說情，一起逃亡等。

OSLO - THE CAPITAL OF NORWAY

Visit Oslo - the capital of Norway

Oslo is the largest city in Norway, and has been the country's capital since 1814 when the union with Denmark was dissolved. The Goverment and Parliament are located here, and at the end of Oslo's main street, Karl Johans gate, you find the Royal Palace. Oslo is the natural hub of Norway’s national and international travel.

Oslo has a great location at the head of the Oslo Fjord, surrounded by forested hills. Even in the city centre, the nearest park is never more than a few blocks away. A ten-minute boat ride from the centre takes you to lovely beaches on the Oslo Fjord islands.

In 2007 Reader's Digest ranked Oslo as number two on a list of the world's greenest, most liveable cities! The city offers an abundance of attractions, shopping possibilities and a flourishing cultural life, and a choice of restaurants which is almost unparalleled in Scandinavia.
History of Oslo
According to the Norse sagas, Oslo was founded around 1049 by King Harald Hardrade. Oslo has been regarded as the capital city since the reign of Haakon V (1299-1319), who was the first king to reside permanently in the city. He also started the construction of the Akershus Fortress. A century later Norway was the weaker part in a personal union with Denmark, and Oslo's role was reduced to that of provincial administrative centre, with the monarchs residing in Copenhagen.

Oslo was destroyed several times by fire, and after the fourteenth calamity, in 1624, King Christian IV of Denmark (and Norway) ordered it rebuilt at a new site across the bay, near Akershus Fortress and given the name Christiania. But long before this, Christiania had started to establish its stature as a centre of commerce and culture in Norway. The part of the city built from 1624 is now often called Kvadraturen because of its orthogonal layout. In 1814 Christiania once more became a real capital when the union with Denmark was dissolved.

Among the world-famous artists who lived here during this period were Henrik Ibsen and Knut Hamsun (the latter was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature). In 1850, Christiania also overtook Bergen and became the most populous city in the country. In 1878 the city was renamed to Kristiania. The original name of Oslo was restored in 1925. (facts from wikipedia.org)

Stockholm’s magical archipelago

Of course Stockholm is wonderful. However, many visitors are unaware of its most spectacular feature – the archipelago. This magnificent maritime landscape of more than 30,000 islands, islets and skerries, of which just some one thousand are inhabited, is unique in the world.

Visitors can hardly believe their eyes the first time they experience Stockholm’s archipelago on a sunny summer’s day. Not to mention on a crystal-clear winter’s day. Within two hours by boat or car from Stockholm you can be anywhere in the archipelago – to your very own paradise, where you feel like you’re a thousand miles from the nearest city.
Stockholm’s fleet of classic white archipelago boats includes many lovely, well-preserved old workhorses, some dating back more than a century and still steam powered. Many boat tours offer lunch or dinner.

An archipelago 群島,列島 (pronounced /ɑrkɨˈpɛləɡoʊ/) is a chain or cluster of islands that are formed tectonically. The word archipelago literally means "chiefsea", from Italian arcipelago (artʃiˈpelaɡo), derived ultimately from Greek arkhon (arkhi-) ("leader") and pelagos ("sea"). In Italian, possibly following a tradition of antiquity, the Archipelago (Greek: Αρχιπέλαγος) was the proper name for the Aegean Sea and, later, usage shifted to refer to the Aegean Islands (since the sea is remarkable for its large number of islands). It is now used to generally refer to any island group or, sometimes, to a sea containing a large number of scattered islands like the Aegean Sea.

The Scandinavians behind Skype

Skype - A Baltic Success Story

Niklas Zennström from Sweden and Janus Friis from Denmark are the two minds behind the telephony company that is changing the world.

06.09.2006 Who invented it? Just three years after it was launched, over 115 million people across the globe are already phoning with Skype. But only a small number of 'Skypers' know that the software was developed in Estonia. And most of the ideas for Skype still come from the 200 engineers working at the development center in Tallinn.

**What is Skype?

Skype is a internet-based telephony company founded in 2002 by Scandinavians Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis. Skype's most popular product is a free software application that allows users to make phone calls over the internet to any other Skype user, anywhere in the world, free of charge, for as long as they like. What? Free of charge? Yes, as good as it sounds. Thanks to Skype, telephone bills are a thing of the past for millions of people around the world. Skype can be downloaded for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and Pocket PC, and it is available in 27 languages.

In November 2005, Skype had 54 million registered members in 225 countries, and was available in 27 languages. During its short existence, the program was downloaded almost 165 million times. In 2004, the company had 15,000 downloads per day; in 2005, they increased to 150,000 downloads per day.

Skype has experienced rapid growth in popular usage since the launch of its services. The company was acquired by eBay in September 2005 for $2.6 billion.[4] EBay has written Skype down to $1.7 billion on its books and announced a public stock offering for 2010 to spin Skype off as a separate company.[5]

Drottningholm Palace

Make a day trip to Drottningholm and experience a historic milieu of the highest international standards.
The Drottningholm Palace is on UNESCO´s World Heritage list. It is the most well-preserved royal castle built in the 1600s in Sweden and at the same time is representative of all European architecture for the period.
The combination of the exotic Chinese Pavilion pleasure palace, the palace theatre and the magnificent palace gardens make a visit to Drottningholm a unique experience.
Drottningholm Palace is open daily at 10:00–16:30 for stroll rounds.
Note! The upper floor of the palace will close temporarily 18, 19 and 20 May, due the official receptions. Other rooms and apartments of the Palace, the Chinese Pavilion and the Palace Park are open as usual.

Group tour to Nordic 4 countries -Itinerary

～躍動的午夜陽光～

北歐、北角日不落15日(阿洲版)

★表入內參觀（含門票） ◎表下車參觀或行車經過

第 1 天 高雄／香港／阿姆斯特丹 KA431 2030/2200 KL 890 2305/0515+1

CI 308 2020 2115 CI 61 2315 0650+1

6/2(二) 今日聚集於國際機場，搭乘豪華客機飛往「北歐威尼斯」，瑞典首都─斯德哥爾摩。班機於隔日抵達，您可在飛機上休息恢復體力，迎接明日精采的旅程。

第 2 天 阿姆斯特丹(Armsterdam)／斯德哥爾摩(Stockholm)

KL1107 0655/ 0855 LH 3002 0945 1145

6/3(三) 班機於早上抵達瑞典(Sweden)首都─斯德哥爾摩。首先安排參觀★斯堪地戶外博物館 Skansen，此為北歐最大的斯堪地戶外博物館，在此您可見瑞典各時代的建築樣式，因此被稱為瑞典的縮影；隨後參觀★瓦薩號戰艦博物館 The Vasa Museum，瓦薩號戰艦是十七世紀時建造，在首航時即沉入海中，300年後才從海中撈起，木造的船身、各式的雕刻品及大砲，可見當時規模之浩大。中午前往斯德哥爾摩著名的美食世界 Östermalms Saluhall，建立於1888年的美食世界，是為了提供美食愛好者們能夠擁有質量相等的享受，現在美食世界已經成為各式餐廳及咖啡店的天下，您可在此自由品嚐瑞典道地美食。下午參觀斯德哥爾摩市的象徵－★ 市政廳，其中貼有1900萬片馬賽克金箔磁磚的「金廳」是諾貝爾獎頒獎典禮後舉行舞會的場所。隨後我們搭車前往峽灣街，將斯德哥爾摩市的美麗景色飽纜眼臉之下。晚餐後，特別安排◎Absolut Icebar 冰宮酒吧，酒吧內的溫度長年維持在5度C，所有的陳設，包括吧台、酒櫃、座椅和調酒的器皿、酒杯也都取自北極圈內的托聶河，以該河潔淨的冰塊打造而成，您可自行買票(Online pre-booked sessions: SEK 170 per person,Drop-in sessions: SEK 195 per person.)入內，小酌一杯。

早：機上

午：餐食自理(退餐費15歐元) 安排前往 Östermalms Saluhall 內 Nybroe Smørrebrød 餐廳享用著名丹麥開口三明治

晚：Stockholm fisk (near ice bar) starter:Gazpacho with feta cheese/ main course:Beef steak with red wine jus, smoked belly of pork, onions and roasted potato/ Dessert:Vanilla-& raspberry mousse with blueberry sauce

宿： Rica Tall Hotel (四星)

行車參考距離：斯德哥爾摩市區觀光

第 3 天 斯德哥爾摩—赫爾辛基(Helsinki)（芬蘭,Finland）

6/4(四) 早餐後前往由美麗森林及海洋編織而成的斯德哥爾摩郊外，參觀有「北歐凡爾賽宮」美譽的★瑞典夏宮 皇后島城堡（Drottningholms Slott），巴洛克式庭園造景，漫步在古木參天、綠草如茵的綠地中，令人神清氣爽，並參觀後花園，素有小凡爾賽宮之稱，悠閒愜意。隨後參觀★米勒斯公園 Millesgården，此處為雕刻家米勒斯的舊宅邸，在此您可欣賞到米勒斯的主要作品及其收集的相關藝術作品，並享受艾瑪庭園的寧靜時刻。下午返回市區，漫步在有700年歷史的◎舊城區 Gamla Stan，鋪著石板路的小巷道交錯其中，開滿了各式各樣的特色小店，附近還有巍峨的王宮 Royal Palace，可看衛兵交接，著名的皇家教堂等建築，享受一番典雅浪漫的氣息。隨後搭乘詩麗亞號豪華遊輪 SILJA LINE CRUISE 穿越波羅的海，前往享有“波羅的海少女”美譽的芬蘭首都─赫爾辛基，船上享用北歐海盜式自助餐。

早：旅館自助式

午：瑞典西式料理 The Bistro Rosenterrassen in Millesgarden)or near Millesgarden

晚：北歐海盜式自助餐+飲料暢飲到底

宿：SILJA LINE CRUISE　(17:00~09:55+1)

行車參考距離：斯德哥爾摩-(遊輪17小時30分)-赫爾辛基（芬蘭）

第 4 天 赫爾辛基／羅宛聶米(Rovaniemi)

6/5(五) 早餐後抵達後，隨即遊覽這個融合北歐及俄羅斯風情的城市：包括洋溢十九世紀俄國風味的古建築物、◎洋蔥頂的俄式東正教教堂Uspensky Katedraali、◎議會廣場Senate square、◎大聖堂 Helsinki Cathedral、◎音樂大師西貝流士紀念公園 Sibelius Monument，以及著名的◎登貝里奧基歐路得派岩石教堂 Temppeliaukio Church，此教堂鑿空岩石的造型設計，是世界絕無僅有的建築。下午特別安排參觀★設計博物館 DESIGN MUSEO，午後前往芬蘭◎民俗島 Pihlajasaari island，芬蘭政府將各區的著名特色小木屋，空運帶到此島上，將他保存的像個迷你芬蘭一樣，湖泊、小島、各式小木屋、野雁、松鼠、穿著傳統服飾的工作人員穿梭其間，在這裡彷彿時光倒流，回到古代純樸的芬蘭般。 晚餐安排享用芬蘭當地下酒菜名館，多種豐富的菜色，讓您體驗. 傍晚搭乘夜臥套房火車前往聖誕老人的故鄉─羅宛聶米。

早：旅館自助式

午：餐食自理(不退費) (港邊市場隨意吃)

晚：RESTAURANT JUURI (芬蘭SAPAS 下酒小菜)

宿：夜臥火車兩人一室套房(Train 19:30~07:53+1)

行車參考距離：赫爾辛基-(夜臥火車約12小時)-羅宛聶米

第 5 天 羅宛聶米—莎麗耶斯卡(Saariselkä )

6/6(六) 火車於上午抵達北極圈首府羅瓦聶米，安排前往飯店享用豐盛自助早餐後，羅瓦聶米市區觀光：包括設計獨特的◎市政廳、◎圖書館，以及美麗的◎音樂廳，隨後前往參觀★聖誕老人村 Santa Claus village，聖誕老人村正位北極圈上，您可足跨北極圈線(66° 33′ 39″)，留影存證，並可自費與聖誕老人合影留念，或寄張有聖誕老人郵戳的明信片回家，或預約聖誕老人的祝賀信給朋友，在此，我們會頒發一張進入★北極圈的證書，留下傲人的永恆紀念。極地博物館Arktikum??中午安排於拉普蘭帳棚內用餐，享用道地拉普蘭當地風味餐。隨後前往著名渡假城─莎麗耶斯卡，住宿SPA飯店，您可於飯店內輕鬆享受正統的芬蘭浴Sauna，體驗一下北歐式三溫暖，千萬別錯過這種難得的機會。

早：旅館自助式

午：拉普蘭原住民餐(馴鹿肉+SQUEAKY CHEESE+CLAUDBERRY)

晚：西式自助餐

宿：HOLIDAY CLUB Saariselkä HOTEL(四星)或同級

行車參考距離：羅宛聶米-(263公里)-莎麗耶斯卡

第 6 天 莎麗耶斯卡—北角 Nordkapp（挪威, Norway）

6/7(日) 早餐後拜訪拉普蘭(Lapland)人的★馴鹿農場Reindeer Farm，可深入瞭解拉普人的生活實況及親自體驗一下餵食馴鹿的樂趣，並坐在傳統拉普蘭樺木帳棚內，一邊欣賞主人傳統鼓樂表演及好嗓音的演唱，一邊品嚐咖啡、茶及甜點最熱情的招待。隨後沿著優美景緻一路北上，途經充滿北國浪漫情調的湖泊◎芬蘭第三大湖 伊納利湖 Lake Inari，極地風光映入眼簾，原野上各種奇特的植物，不時可見馴鹿的蹤跡。曲折的峽灣延伸於北冰洋中，蒼茫之感令人不禁讚嘆大自然的瑰麗風光。午夜前抵達歐洲的最北端─北角 Nordkapp，於北緯71°10'21"的北角大廳，安排欣賞180度大螢幕影片觀賞，讓您更了解北角一年四季景色及其生態，並于北角地標地球儀，展望北極圈內午夜日不落的永晝奇景，攝影留下永恆的回憶，並贈送您一張榮登★北角的證書。

早：旅館自助式

午：西式自助餐

晚：西式自助餐

宿：RICA NORDKAPP HOTEL (四星) in Honningsvåg或同級

行車參考距離：莎麗耶斯卡-(476公里)-北角（挪威）

第 7 天 北角—阿爾塔 Alta ／奧斯陸 Oslo

6/8(一) 今日前往北極圈內峽灣港市—阿爾塔，抵達後參觀被聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)列為世界級古蹟的★「阿爾塔北極圈拉普蘭博物館」World Heritage Rock Art Center，藉由古老的船隻、服飾、錢幣以及居家方式，讓您瞭解拉普蘭人傳統的生活型態，而戶外有北歐最大石器時代的岩石壁畫 Rock art in Alta，列入聯合國教科文組織所保護的人類文化遺產，刻畫當時生活型態。並於館內欣賞科學家們精心收集的北極光 Polar light影片，讓您了解北極光的奧秘，不會有遺珠之憾。隨後搭機飛往挪威Norway首都奧斯陸。

早：旅館自助式　午：西式自助餐 晚：西式餐食

宿：Radisson SAS Plaza (升等五星級)

行車參考距離：北角-(321公里)-阿爾塔-(1903公里)-奧斯陸

第 8 天 奧斯陸—里耳哈默 (Lillehammer)

6/9 (二) 早餐後奧斯陸市區觀光：◎奧斯陸大教堂、◎國立劇院 (Oslo Opera House)、◎國會大廈 Storting、◎皇宮、◎奧斯陸大學區(UiO)、◎市政廳Rådhusets forvaltningstjeneste，及著名的◎威吉蘭雕刻公園 Vigeland Park，以公園中央的人生柱為中心，每座雕刻作品皆栩栩如生，表現得淋漓盡致，令人感動不已，並參觀★維京船博物館 The Viking Ship Museum (Vikingskipshuset)，這裡收藏全世界最完整的木造維京海盜船，其中九世紀的女王葬船─奧沙柏格號，不難看出維京人雄霸北海及大西洋海域的昔日風光。午後展開最精采的峽灣之旅，沿著挪威森林與湖泊的美景，進入精靈的故鄉，前往挪威1994年冬季奧運會城市─里耳哈默 Lillehammer。

早：旅館自助式　午：西式餐食 晚：西式自助餐

宿：Gala Hotel Wadahl (四星渡假式)

行車參考距離：奧斯陸-(185公里)-里耳哈默

第 9 天 里耳哈默—精靈之路(Trollstigen)—蓋朗格峽灣遊船

6/10(三) 挪威1994年冬季奧運會城市─里耳哈默，位於挪威最大湖泊－詩麗亞湖Mjøsa邊，景色相當宜人。早餐後搭車上山，參觀1994年冬季奧運滑雪跳台，並眺望湖區美麗風景。隨後我們將前往挪威最著名的精靈之路 Trollstigen，從山谷到山頂，道路呈現11個髮夾型Z字形狀，景色相當壯觀。翻越山頭後，映入眼簾的，就是美麗的蓋朗格(Geiranger)小鎮，整個小鎮依偎在秀麗的蓋朗格峽灣 Geirangerfjorden (此峽灣屬世界遺產UNESCO World Heritage Site)旁，如詩如畫，安排搭乘★渡輪橫越蓋朗格峽灣，兩岸山勢峻秀壯麗，終年不化的高山積雪和萬瀑奔流的景觀，與湛藍的海水相映成趣，秀氣的新娘面紗瀑布，如同新人般嬌澀的垂在崖邊，著名的七姊妹瀑布De Sju Søstre (The Seven Sisters)水勢磅礡，分裂成七條水柱嘩然而下，非常壯觀，處處充滿了與世隔絕疏離的美感。今晚特別安排住宿蓋朗格峽灣旁，面峽灣旅館。

早：旅館自助式 午：西式餐 晚：飯店內自助餐

宿：GEIRANGER HOTEL(四星渡假式)

行車參考距離：里耳哈默-(174公里)-隆-(97公里)- 蓋朗格峽灣

第 10 天 蓋朗格峽灣—隆(LOM)—約斯達冰河(Jostedalsbreen)—索娜峽灣(Sognefjord)

6/11(四) 早上沿著峽谷美景，順著山勢翻越海拔約1000公尺的高處後，前往古老小鎮－隆(LOM)，此處保留了挪威古老的◎木造海盜教堂 Lom Stave church，非常古色古香。隨後前往挪威峽灣區之最，也是歐陸最大的冰河─約斯達冰河 Jostedalsbreen or Jostedal glacier(屬Jostedalsbreen National Park)，長 212公里，面積487平方公里，獨家安排★冰上健行活動，搭乘電動船抵達冰舌之處下船，壯闊的冰河全景呈現眼前，在專業人員的安排下，親身嘗試冰上健行的新奇體驗，並欣賞冰河縫中經過光線折射所發出的美麗藍光。(由於全球氣候暖化的問題，市場傳統挪威峽灣區安排拜訪的布列斯達冰河，已倒退100公尺，是那樣遙不可及，根本無法親手摸一摸踩一踩難得一見的冰河奇景，將是行程中的遺憾)。夜宿索娜峽灣邊飯店。

早：旅館自助式 午：西式自助式 晚：西式自助式

宿：HOTEL STALHEIM<索娜峽灣飯店 日前已經確認定到山頂的百年飯店HOTEL STALHEIM 此飯店居高臨下,俯瞰山谷,非常漂亮,飯店餐點也很棒,是日本人到挪威指定使用的飯店>

行車參考距離：蓋朗格峽灣-(遊船1.5小時)- (245公里)-約斯達冰河-(65公里)-索娜峽灣

第 11 天 索娜峽灣巡弋—《挪威縮影峽灣之旅 Norway in a nutshell®》—弗斯 Flam─哈丹格峽灣Hardangerfjord

6/12(五) 上午★搭船遨遊全世界最長最深的索娜峽灣，兩岸奇峰怪石、山澗飛瀑所聚集而成的清流小溪令人心神蕩漾，忘卻塵囂，您可攜帶麵包，在遊峽灣時，親手餵食海鷗，樂趣無窮哦!午後搭乘著名★挪威縮影觀景火車，沿著陡峭的山坡和急轉的彎度而建造，全線路程有將近百分之80的軌道坡度達55度角，是全世界最陡峭之登山列車，壯闊陡峭的山壁、峽谷、瀑布美景盡入眼簾，體驗神奇之美景，及鐵路建築之鬼斧神工，令人印象深刻。抵達車站最高點後，轉搭★高山火車越過終年積雪不化的山區，風景如畫，